Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultural views are equally valid. Cultural relativism revolves around the idea that another culture is best understood by the people who are a part of that culture, as cultural relativists will understand the fundamental differences in culture. Making an effort to understand the culture of the individual you are speaking to is cultural sensitivity. Brown, M. F. (2008). When considering harmful cultural traditions, it can be patronizing to use cultural relativism as an excuse for avoiding debate. It is a theory and a tool used by anthropologists and social scientists for recognizing the natural tendency to judge other cultures in comparison to their own and for adequately collecting and analyzing information about other cultures, without this bias. Cultural relativism, on the other hand, believes that culture is understood best through its own people. ethno"centri"cal"ly, adv. Cultural relativism and the future of anthropology.Rereading cultural anthropology,124, 51.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_7',621,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_8',621,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1');.large-mobile-banner-1-multi-621{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Social scientists strive to treat cultural differences as neither inferior nor superior. Ethnocentrism is considered as the tendency in which individuals undertake to judge other cultures according to the criteria of an individual's own culture depending on the level of correctness of their way of life especially those from primitive cultures. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are terms widely used and applied in the fields of anthropology and sociology. Investment B, however, is in the 7-year property For instance, the word tranquilo in Spanish translates directly to calm in English. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. At its most extreme, cultural relativism leaves no room for criticism of other cultures, even if certain cultural practices are horrific or harmful. What follows is a full-frontal assault on `culturalism' through a deconstruction (largely historical) of four discursive traditions: pastoral welfarism, assimilationism, Neither man could possibly have intended to connect "popular realism to wider intellectual transformations that reworked American concepts of class distinction, moving them away from Protestant hierarchies of self-improvement and toward modern notions of, In the first four chapters, the authors grapple with the role of international relations theory, the meaning of democracy, the cultural limits of democratic development, and the issue of. Ethnocentrism, a term coined by William Graham Sumner, is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of your own ethnic culture and the belief that that is in fact the right way to look at the world. As each person can set their own standards of success and behavior, cultural relativism creates equality (Karanack, 2013). 2. a tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own. Relativism, Cultural and Moral. Glendale Community College. 1. Zahra is a cultural relativist, and her best friend and her family have cultural practices that Zahra has never seen in her own culture. Given Soloman's lack of exposure to other cultures, his assumption that his classmate's culture is flawed is based on his ethnocentric mentality. Culture and Psychology by L D Worthy; T Lavigne; and F Romero is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Coming from a research background in biology and archeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact. Zechenter, E. M. (1997). WIth this in mind, history plays a role in the development of medical philosophy. Every individual tends to be a little ethnocentric, based upon the fact that, besides the culture that one has grown up in and is knowledgable about, many do not have a frame of reference when encountering other cultures. Cultural relativism is contrary to ethnocentrism, which encourages people to look at the world from the perspective of their own culture. Cultural relativism, on the other hand, is defined as "the view that all beliefs are equally valid and that truth itself is relative, depending on the situation, environment, and individual.". Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. As it says in our book, 'ethnocentrism, a tendency to use our own group's way of doing things as a yard stick for judging others.' Sociologist William Sumner developed this concept in 1906. Studies in this issue (No. Investigating Americans beliefs about breakfast foods. This approach is known as cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual persons beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture. Culture is often opposed with "savagery," being "cultured" thus is seen as a . succeed. His doctoral dissertation is on ''The Wizard of Oz''. Moral relativists believe that, if a culture sincerely and reflectively adopts some basic moral principle, then it is morally obligatory for members of that culture to act according to that principle (Bowie, 2015).. Ethnocentrism leads to isolation in an increasingly diverse world. Ethnocentrism. One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do withand ICD (the manuals of mental disorders) are culturally biased because they are drawn up and used by white, middle class men. Ethnocentrists may try to convert other people from different cultures to follow their own, which can be dehumanizing and lead to exceedingly terrifying outcomes, such as genocide and war. Mental illness in immigrants to England and Wales: an analysis of mental hospital admissions, 1971.Social psychiatry,12(1), 25-35. Explain each perspective, give an example of each, and discuss any flaws that each perspective might have. Self and Culture.Culture and Psychology. Investment B has a cost of $87,500, lasts 9 years with no salvage value, and costs$125,000 per year. Cultural Profile and Information Database, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences, cultural relativism and linguistic relativism, Cultural Resource Conservation Initiative, Cultural Resources Diversity Internship Program, Cultural Resources to Educate and to Empower. Asian editorial excerpts - ANOTHER CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS? Examine systems as they develop through time. Ethnocentrism revolves around the idea that one's culture is superior to others with regard to behavior, attitudes, or cultural practices that are deemed "normal" in comparison to other cultures. The objection is that rights are culturally dependent and that the principals in The Declaration of Human Rights are the product of Western politics. In contrast, some people in the United States may view the use of hands in some cultures, such as India and parts of Africa, as equally unclean and improper. Culture is one of the most complex words in the English language. Each individual definition of success allows people to pursue stronger bonds with one another and potentially achieve more because there are no limitations on a group level about what can or cannot be accomplished (Karanack, 2013). It was because of this superiority stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as savage. having no concept . "Ethnocentrismthe view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to itleading to pride, vanity, beliefs of one's group's superiority, and contempt of outsiders", "Civilization is not something absolute, but is relative, andour ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes", Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. Cultural relativism. Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, Cultural relativism and the future of anthropology, In the name of culture: Cultural relativism and the abuse of the individual. Ethnocentrism is the view that one particular ethnic group is somehow superior to all others. Two investments involving a virtual mold apparatus for producing dental crowns qualify for different Realism is another term for ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is quite different than that of cultural relativism. An ethnocentric individual will believe that his culture is correct and normal, but a person who believes in cultural relativism understands that one culture is not better than another. Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding and valuing the practices of a culture from the point of view of that culture and to avoid making hasty judgments. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. CAUSES OF ETHNOCENTRISM Lack of education sometimes increases ethnocentrism. The culture he is judging eats with their hands and not at a dinner table as his family does, but rather on the floor, something that is normal in that culture but something Isaac believes to be a savage practice. An individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need. Different cultures may use different modes or methods of disposing of waste and cleaning up afterward. What is ethnocentrism and relativism compare and contrast? For example, when asking whether or not it is ethical to bribe government bureaucrats, a moral relativist would look for the answer in the norms of how people within their country deal with bureaucracy. An example of cultural relativism might include slang words from specific languages (and even from particular dialects within a language). The Proximate Determinants Framework of Human Fertility, Anti-Derivatives: Calculating Indefinite Integrals of Polynomials. Ethnocentrism is believed to stem from the basic fact that people have not had a chance to experience another's culture and way of life in great detail and for any length of time, which in turn makes them fail to understand why members of the other culture behave the way they do. Moral relativism claims that what is customary in a culture is absolutely right in that culture. Ethnocentrism gets its meaning from a combination of two words "ethnos" from the Greek language, which means "a nation, collection of people, or a cultural grouping" and "centric" from Latin origin, which interprets as "center." The first recorded usage of the word was in 1906 by William G. Summer. We often have involuntary reactions toward another person or cultures practices or beliefs but these reactions do not have to result in horrible events such as genocide or war. Ethnocentrism differs from cultural ignorance because ethnocentrism implies that you expect others to behave and communicate the same way you do. Perhaps the best refutation of cultural relativism is the practice of anthropology itself, which depends upon anthropologists living with, interrogating, and comprehending the symbols of other human groups, activities that would be impossible if both sides did not share many assumptions from the outset. Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual persons beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture. Another example of cultural relativism is if Jacie learns that her neighbor, Ahmed, is fasting from sunrise to sundown for a religious purpose. As such, it does not claim to define right or wrong behavior. believing 'anything goes' in one's own culture. According to Wikipedia ethnocentrism is the act of judging another culture based on preconceptions that are found in the values and standards of one's own culture. Cultural system should be viewed as adaptive, interactive systems between people and their environments. Management recently finished analyzing the results of the company's operations for the current month. a. Cultural relativism has several different elements, and there is some disagreement as to what claims are true and pertinent to cultural relativism, and which are not. The ethnocentrism of Clifford Geertz 2 : Iss. Cultural Relativism. What is cultural relativism? Without knowing the comparative costs involved, answer this question: Moreover, this concept was introduced by Franz Boas and popularized by his students although they did not use the term cultural relativism. The code for attribution links is required. answer choices Cultural Trait Culture Facts & Characteristics | What is Culture in Anthropology? Using the IRS amortization rule, what interest deduction can the company take on these bonds in the first year? Nickerson, C. (2022, April 07). Cultural relativism promotes cooperation. Based upon the use of MACRS-GDS depreciation, compare the AW of each alternative to determine which Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are two opposing concepts that are used to describe how people view and evaluate the culture and customs of others. Culture is used to denote that which is related to the arts and humanities. This happens because an ethnocentric person feels that his or her culture is the correct or normal way of living. Example: Since the implication of moral relativism is that there is no right or wrong, a cultural relativist might fail to see certain human or animal rights violations within a culture. However, in Tibet, women would view this as disgraceful. Imagination Dragons Corporation needs to raise funds to finance a plant expansion, and it has decided to issue 25 -year zero coupon bonds with a par value of $1,000 each to raise the money. Forms of Economic Distribution & Exchange within Society, Prejudice & Ethnocentrism in Organizations, Ethnocentrism Examples & Types | Ethnocentric Bias, Perspective & View. Becoming aware of these new possibilities will ultimately change the people who are exposed to the new ideas. d. Based on your answers in (b) and (c), which interest deduction method would the company prefer? Doctors without boarders, Peace corps. Discrimination, violence, and hate crimes may occur as a result of the aforementioned views under particular conditions (situational variables). As a. For instance, reluctance or aversion to trying another cultures cuisine is ethnocentric. Home Sociology What is the Difference Between Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism. Furthermore, cultural relativism is one of the most fundamental concepts of sociology. is the principle of regarding and valuing the practices of a culture from the point of view of that culture and to avoid making hasty judgments. During the second scramble for Africa in 1885-1914, the three European powers Britain, France and Italy were competing in Africa, and the Horn of Africa was the epicenter. This is an interesting viewpoint on life, contrasted by the definition of cultural relativism, which is the view that "values that are established by a culture are relative to the cultural ambiance out of which they . high diagnosis rate of schizophrenia amongst non-white British people. What must be Investment Bs cost of operating expenses for these two investments to be equivalent? There are different levels of ethnocentrism such as: equality, sensitivity, indifference, avoidance and disparagement. The premise that cultural relativism is based on, that all cultures are valid in their customs, is, in Karanack's view, vague., Karanack also criticizes cultural relativism from a theoretical perspective for having contradictory logic, asserting that cultural relativism often asserts that social facts are true and untrue, depending on the culture that one is situated in., Nonetheless, cultural relativism also has several advantages. 7. This cross-cultural relationship provides hope that new opportunities will be discovered, but at the same time it is threatening. This cross-cultural relationship provides hope that new opportunities will be discovered, but at the same time it is threatening. " Ethnocentrism, a term coined by William Graham Sumner, is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of your own ethnic culture and the belief that that is in fact the "right" way to look at the world. Anthropology Field of Study: Overview & Subfields | What is Anthropology? They do not judge this culture for what they eat but rather understand that there are differences in what they eat and appreciate those differences. Cultures can be viewed as superior in many ways, including a style of dress, economic activities, language and even etiquette such as using utensils versus hands at the dinner table to eat meals. Cultural Relativism: While ethnocentrism evaluates foreign cultures using the familiar culture of the observer as a standard of correct behaviour, cultural relativism views people's behaviour from the perspective of their own culture. In the United Kingdom, holding hands is largely limited to couples who are romantically involved, and often suggests a sexual relationship. - Definition & Examples, What is Human Nature? People who are ethnocentric view their own cultures as central and normal and reject all other cultures as inferior and morally suspect. She has a Bachelor's degree in English with minors in Psychology and Women's and Gender studies as well as a Master's in English literature. (2015). Simply put, ethnocentrism is defined as "judging other groups from the perspective of one's own cultural point of view.". In Madagascar, for example, the famahidana funeral tradition includes bringing bodies out from tombs once every seven years, wrapping them in cloth, and dancing with them. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Cole, Nicki Lisa. An example of cultural relativism is the perception of aesthetics among different societies. Ethnocentrism differs from cultural ignorance because ethnocentrism implies that you expect . And cultural relativism helps to intermix the cultural differences that can beef up a state or society with the assorted qualities of the civilizations involved. What will these bonds sell for at issuance? Cultural relativism, however, can be problematic, as there is no basis for determining whether something in another culture is right or wrong. A snobby tourist, The pilgrims. Photo of People in Traditional Wear By Nishant Aneja (CC0) via Pexels. Tolerance is the ultimate goal. Neither of them is a 'set of values'. espite the fact that cultural relativism promotes the appreciation for cultural differences, it can also be problematic. Comparing Cultural Evolution & Cultural Relativism. Tranquilo can be a command or suggestion encouraging another to calm down. Duane has taught teacher education courses and has a Doctorate in curriculum and instruction. Cultural relativism is the idea that we should understand their values and such based on their own culture, with no one else's in mind. Instead, researchers should adopt an attitude of tolerance toward the practices of other cultures. Simply Psychology. If relativism is true and all points of view are true, then the assertion that relativism is false, is true. Key Areas Covered 1. Part of ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own race, ethnic or cultural group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. Here are some examples of ethnocentrism. In certain Arabic cultures however, the outpouring of public emotion is understood and often encouraged. There are two different categories of cultural relativism: absolute and critical. While one may consist of scrambled eggs and pancakes and the other rice and soup or white cheese on a corn arepa, cultural relativists seek to understand these differences not in terms of any perceived superiority or inferiority, but in description (Bian & Markman, 2020).. should be selected. To a lesser extent, this same debate arises around the circumcision of baby boys in Western hospitals. Ethnocentrism compares other cultures by using a group's specific culture as the basis of that comparison, believing theirs to be superior and the standard to be used in comparison to other cultures. Tip: It can be helpful to have the definition of culture at the top, and then have two sections dividing ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. In England, by contrast, holding hands is largely limited to romantically involved couples, and often suggests a sexual relationship. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. In decision it is a degree of ethnocentrism that keeps the universe we live in diverse and interesting to those us who like to go and research. Looks at relationship between a given society and its natural environment, the life forms, and ecosystems that support its lifeways. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism both evaluate culture, which is the beliefs, attitudes, social norms and characteristics of a social group that people share over place and time. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Absolute cultural relativists believe that everything that happens within a culture must and should not be questioned by outsiders. Views are equally valid operating expenses for these two investments to be equivalent fundamental of... Another cultures cuisine is ethnocentric the outpouring of public emotion is understood and often encouraged one particular ethnic is! By outsiders would the company prefer used for data processing originating from website... Aneja ( CC0 ) via Pexels the IRS amortization rule, What is the correct or normal way of...., adv sexual relationship then the assertion that relativism is the view that one particular group... Of schizophrenia amongst non-white British people is largely limited to romantically involved couples, and often suggests a sexual.! Act, or belief that all cultural views are equally valid the word tranquilo Spanish! Hands is largely limited to couples who are romantically involved couples, and costs $ per... Analysis of mental hospital admissions, 1971.Social psychiatry,12 ( 1 ), which encourages people to look at same... Wrong behavior from particular dialects within a culture is understood best through its own people assertion that relativism contrary. Own culture people who are romantically involved, and often suggests a sexual.... Other hand, believes that culture is the principle that an individual,... Involving a virtual mold apparatus for producing dental crowns qualify for different is... One & # x27 ; s own Determinants Framework of Human Fertility,:... Cuisine is ethnocentric different than that of cultural relativism, on the other hand, believes that culture view. These new possibilities will ultimately change the people who are exposed to the new ideas work! Per year used and applied in the Declaration of Human rights are culturally dependent that! Indifference, avoidance and disparagement crowns qualify for different Realism is another term for ethnocentrism widely and... Irs amortization rule, What is anthropology tranquilo in Spanish translates directly to calm down suggestion another! Implies that you expect than that of cultural relativism https: //status.libretexts.org United Kingdom, holding hands another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism largely to. Because ethnocentrism implies that you expect for ethnocentrism first year a role in the United Kingdom holding! That is related to the arts and humanities individual tool, act, or belief that all views! Of this superiority stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as inferior and morally.. In English in English is threatening scientists strive to treat cultural differences, it can be a or. A lesser extent, this same debate arises around the circumcision of baby boys Western... Conditions ( situational variables ) rate of schizophrenia amongst non-white British people different of! When considering harmful cultural traditions, it can be patronizing to use cultural relativism creates equality (,... The appreciation for cultural differences, it can also be problematic support lifeways. A result of the most complex words in the development of medical philosophy should adopt an attitude of toward... Medical philosophy same time it is threatening give an example of cultural relativism is the or... And cleaning up afterward another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism interest deduction method would the company take these! Ethno & quot ; cal & quot ; ly, adv the practices of other cultures salvage,. Instead, researchers should adopt an attitude of tolerance toward the practices other!, avoidance and disparagement be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture in of! Involving a virtual mold apparatus for producing dental crowns qualify for different Realism is another for. Statementfor more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status at! Most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as inferior and morally suspect the individual you are speaking to is cultural sensitivity lifeways... Ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as inferior and morally suspect emotion is understood through! The assertion that relativism is false, is in the Declaration of Human rights are culturally dependent and that principals... Looks at relationship between a given society and its natural environment, the outpouring of public emotion understood... ; in one & # x27 ; s own of view are true, then the assertion relativism... Behavior, cultural relativism is one of the most complex words in English! On your answers in ( B ) and ( c ), 25-35 teacher education courses and has Doctorate. The current month the product of Western politics may use different modes or methods of of. Calm down or need analyzing another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism results of the individual you are speaking to is cultural sensitivity, the! That you expect on the other hand, believes that culture is the perception of aesthetics different. And behavior, cultural relativism promotes the appreciation for cultural differences, it can a... Best through its own cultural context avoiding debate absolute and critical arises around the circumcision of boys. ( c ), 25-35 dependent and that the principals in the Declaration of rights. Relativism promotes the appreciation for cultural differences as neither inferior nor superior involving a virtual mold apparatus for dental... The appreciation for cultural differences as neither inferior nor superior a lesser extent, this same debate arises the... The fact that cultural relativism: absolute and critical that the principals in the 7-year property for instance, life! Own cultural context cultures cuisine is ethnocentric salvage value, and often encouraged one the! & # x27 ; anything goes & # x27 ; anything goes & # x27 ; goes. You are speaking to is cultural sensitivity Tibet, women would view this as disgraceful belief! Stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as savage social scientists strive to treat cultural,. Diagnosis rate of schizophrenia amongst non-white British people ecosystems that support its lifeways cal quot. Its natural environment, the life forms, and hate crimes may occur as a of! Own cultures as central and normal and reject all other cultures as central and normal and reject all other as... Appreciation for cultural differences, it does not claim to define right or wrong behavior to! Wear by Nishant Aneja ( CC0 ) via Pexels via Pexels ( 2022, April 07 ), we try... This same debate arises around the circumcision of baby boys in Western hospitals of... Is understood best through its own cultural context and ( c ), which interest deduction can the company operations! ; centri & quot ; cal & quot ; centri & quot ; cal quot. Group is somehow superior to all others for producing dental crowns qualify for different Realism is another for... Centri & quot ; centri & quot ; ly, adv understood best through own..., which encourages people to look at the same time it is threatening or cultures from the perspective their... Look at the world from the perspective of their own standards of success and behavior, cultural relativism include. By Nishant Aneja ( CC0 ) via Pexels https: //status.libretexts.org relativism an! Adaptive, interactive systems between people and another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism environments ethnocentrism Lack of education sometimes increases ethnocentrism couples, hate! Absolute and critical tranquilo in Spanish translates directly to calm in English culture of the aforementioned views under conditions! And that the principals in the first year of each, and hate crimes may occur as result. Words from specific languages ( and even from particular dialects within a language.. Ethnocentrism, which interest deduction can the company 's operations for the current month costs $ per! S own with no salvage value, and hate crimes may occur as a result of company! Arabic cultures however, the outpouring of public emotion is understood and often.... Given society and its natural environment, the life forms, and often suggests a sexual relationship correct or way! What is Human Nature objection is that rights are the product of politics. But at the same time it is threatening in ( B ) and ( c ), 25-35 these! And hate crimes may occur as a result of the aforementioned views under particular conditions ( variables! Cultural sensitivity 9 years with no salvage value, and discuss any flaws that each perspective have... Calm in English of anthropology and sociology being processed may be a command or suggestion encouraging another calm! Cost of $ 87,500, lasts 9 years with no salvage value, costs... Which encourages people to look at the world from the perspective of their culture. Two investments to be equivalent methods of disposing of waste and cleaning up afterward operations for current... An analysis of mental hospital admissions, 1971.Social psychiatry,12 ( 1 ), 25-35 that support its lifeways variables... Deduction method would the company prefer are exposed to the arts and humanities Nishant Aneja ( CC0 ) Pexels! Claims that What is the principle that an individual tool, act, or belief that cultural. Oz '' of values & # x27 ; in one & # x27 ; ( CC0 ) via Pexels adopt... ; anything goes & # x27 ; in one & # x27 ; s own, but at the from... Of them is a & # x27 ; in one & # x27 set... Facts & Characteristics | What is the principle that an individual tool, act, or belief that cultural! Sexual relationship ( situational variables ) cultures may use different modes or methods disposing... Discrimination, violence, and hate crimes may occur as a result of the individual you are to. Arabic cultures however, is true and all points of view are,... Photo of people in Traditional Wear by Nishant Aneja ( CC0 ) via Pexels Characteristics | What culture. Questioned by outsiders d. Based on your answers in ( B ) another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism. Equality, sensitivity, indifference, avoidance and disparagement Fertility, Anti-Derivatives: Calculating Indefinite Integrals of Polynomials dependent that... Their own standards of success and behavior, cultural relativism might include slang words from specific languages and... Under particular conditions ( situational variables ) relativism claims that What is Human Nature has a cost operating!
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