Spain has, at most points in its history, granted some degree of linguistic, cultural, and even political autonomy to its Basques, but under the regime of Francisco Franco, the Spanish government reversed the advances of Basque nationalism, as it had fought in the opposite side of the Spanish Civil War: cultural activity in Basque was limited to folkloric issues and the Catholic Church. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. The Latin /w/ generally evolved into the bilabials /b/ and // in Gascon and Spanish, probably under the influence of Basque and the related Aquitanian (the Latin /w/ instead evolved into /v/ in French, Italian and other Romance languages). Spanish or French is typically the first language of citizens from other regions (who often feel no need to learn Basque), and Spanish or French is also the first language of many Basques, all of which maintains the dominance of the state tongues of both France and Spain. Resolution of the General Assembly of the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, 13 September 2003 (Helsinki), on the situation of the Basque language in the Autonomous Community of Navarre. In the Early Middle Ages the territory between the Ebro and Garonne rivers was known as Vasconia, a vaguely defined ethnic area and political entity struggling to fend off pressure from the Iberian Visigothic kingdom and Arab rule to the south, as well as the Frankish push from the north. The Basques wiped out half of Emperor Charlemagne's rear guard at the battle of the Pass of Roncesvalles. As with their language, the Basques are clearly a distinct cultural group in their region. It seemed logical that they were representatives of an older layer of population settlement, but just how far back their roots went has been a topic of debate. The principal difference between the Basque nose and the Roman nose is that the Basque noses tip dips downward rather than pointing straight out, creating the flatter appearance. Nere f Basque Means There are three other historic provinces parts of the Basque Country: Labourd, Lower Navarre and Soule (Lapurdi, Nafarroa Beherea and Zuberoa in Basque; Labourd, Basse-Navarre and Soule in French), devoid of official status within France's present-day political and administrative territorial organization, and only minor political support to the Basque nationalists. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. Colour representation of the genetic mix and structure in the Basque Country; green symbolizes the Basques, while blue and red show mixing with adjacent populations. This migration probably spread Indo-European languages across Europe, affecting the central and northern parts of the continent to a greater extent than the south. The French Republics, the epitome of the nation-state, have a long history of attempting the complete cultural absorption of cultural minority groups. At the end of the 20th century, despite ETA violence (ended in 2010) and the crisis of heavy industries, the Basque economic condition recovered remarkably. The government of this autonomous community is the Government of Navarre. Questions of political, linguistic and cultural allegiance and identity are highly complex in Navarre. These early Neolithic farmer ancestors of the Basques, however, additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter-gatherers, and "the proportion of hunter gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia." For example, Basque rugby union player for France, Imanol Harinordoquy, has said about his national identity: I am French and Basque. Knowledge of Basque, after declining for many years during Franco's dictatorship owing to official persecution, is again on the rise due to favorable official language policies and popular support. A haircut is a great compliment to your hair and can look great. [63] Real Sociedad also previously employed such a policy. The Basque . Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on October 30, 2022 by Chris Drew, PhD. Alfonso Irigoyen posits that the word euskara is derived from an ancient Basque verb enautsi "to say" (compare modern Basque esan) and the suffix -(k)ara ("way (of doing something)"). [16][33], In 2015, a new scientific study of Basque DNA was published which seems to indicate that Basques are descendants of Neolithic farmers who mixed with local Mesolithic hunters before becoming genetically isolated from the rest of Europe for millennia. [9] According to the study, the "results show that the Basques trace their ancestry to early farming groups from Iberia, which contradicts previous views of them being a remnant population that trace their ancestry to Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups." The most identifiable nose seen on Basque people is one which is relatively flat, has a tip that extends to below the point where it extrudes from the face, and has a bump in the middle. The Sardinians also became isolated after the agricultural transition, but they lack the additional hunter-gatherer ancestry that characterises the Basques. Our skin colors, facial features, and hair colors are all due to our environment. The distinct language and genetic make-up of the Basque people in northern Spain and southern France has puzzled anthropologists for decades. In recent years the number of mayors of the region supporting the creation of a separate Basque department has grown to 63.87%. The place in which they were minted is not certain but is thought to be somewhere near Pamplona, in the heartland of the area that historians believe was inhabited by the Vascones. He was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on October 23, 2005.[68]. After the initial farmer-hunter mixture was set, the ancestors of the Basques became isolated from surrounding groups - perhaps due to a combination of geography and culture. Most Basque are Spaniards (some Basques are French) and over an 80% of them have Spanish as their native language. The Basques were important in the mining industry; many were ranchers and vaqueros (cowboys), and the rest opened small shops in major cities such as Mexico City, Guadalajara and Puebla. Where other nations rise and fall throughout centuries and millennia, the Basques have always remained, and the stereotype is that they have the individual toughness to persevere through as many changes in governments and empires as may come. Traditionally Basques have been mostly Catholics. While there is no independent Basque state, Spain's autonomous community of the Basque Country, made up of the provinces of lava (Araba), Biscay (Bizkaia) and Gipuzkoa, is primarily a historical consequence and an answer to the wide autonomy claim of its population. Others reject this usage as inaccurate and are careful to specify the BAC (or an equivalent expression such as "the three provinces", up to 1978 referred to as "Provincias Vascongadas" in Spanish) when referring to this entity or region. physiognomy. In Chino, two annual Basque festivals celebrate the dance, cuisine, and culture of the peoples. Thats why its so hard to tell them apart. [43] Estimates range between 2.5 - 5million Basque descendants live in Chile; the Basque have been a major if not the strongest influence in the country's cultural and economic development. And they do look great. They appear to have been assimilated by the Neolithic migrants, who probably had greater numbers. DNA from ancient remains seems to have solved the puzzle of one of Europe's most enigmatic people: the Basques. While non-Basques get their funny looking noses from breaking them multiple times, Basques are just born with them. The 'Basque matriarchy' argument is typically tied to 20th century nationalism and is at odds with earlier accounts of the society. In recent years church attendance has fallen off, as in most of Western Europe. [36], In 2019, a study was published in Science in which a more fine-tuned and deep time-transect of Iberian ancient populations including the Basque were analyzed. Although the exact amount of food is exaggerated, meals of multiple courses are the norm in Basque Country. This chthonic couple seems to bear the superior ethical power and the power of creation and destruction. In spite of this much lighter complexion when it comes to skin colors, when it comes to hair colors, Basque people still have the same expressions of dark hair that would be expected of the region. But, as time passes by, this morphology has been diluting and almost no Basque person fits that description anymore. Menu penelope loyalty quotes. We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. Castile deprived Navarre of its coastline by conquering key western territories (11991201), leaving the kingdom landlocked. Nowadays Basque-speakers refer to this region as Iparralde (Basque for North), and to the Spanish provinces as Hegoalde (South). Another well-known Basque was Father Alberto Hurtado, S.J. Contrary to these principles, local authorities from Irua/Pamplona (capital city of the Autonomous Community of, IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Basque Country (greater region) History, the Navarrese territory north of the Pyrenees, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Basque Country autonomous basketball team, Basque Country (greater region) Politics, Basque Country (greater region) Language, "Census 2000: Table 1. Basque cuisine is at the heart of Basque culture, influenced by the neighboring communities and produce from the sea and the land. https://helpfulprofessor.com/basque-people-physical-characteristics/. The system of laws governing succession in the French Basque region reflected total equality between the sexes. You might never guess they came from the same region! The Kingdom of Pamplona, a central Basque realm, later known as Navarre, underwent a process of feudalization and was subject to the influence of its much larger Aragonese, Castilian and French neighbours. Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; and Piazza Alberto. [18][20] Although also initially theorised to be that a Palaeolithic marker,[21][16]:p.1365 Table 3 this theory encountered inconsistencies even prior to most recent chronological re-evaluations,[18][22] as more recent studies instead conclude that R1b spread up to Western Europe from southwestern Eurasia in the Neolithic period or later, between 4,000 and 8,000 years ago. [28] Thus, while Basques harbour some very archaic mtDNA lineages,[29][30] they are not of "undiluted Palaeolithic ancestry" but of significantly early Neolithic origin with a connection to the isolate Sardinian people. On its own, this is unremarkable since there are many nations where the blood type is dominant. Its not just the way we look and move that makes us unique we even have a unique language and a unique physical body. He was a friend and savior to all the poor and homeless, and was beatified by Pope John Paul II on October 16, 1994. The bad news is that there are some other factors that can affect your hair color. Then again, steamships and railways allowed Basque migration to other parts, where they married, so their physical traits became less and less obvious. . Bayonne held a Jewish community composed mainly of Sephardi Jews fleeing from the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions. [13], Early anthropological and genetic studies from the beginning and end of the 20th century theorized that the Basques are the descendants of the original Cro-Magnons. For more than a century, scholars have widely discussed the high status of Basque women in law codes, as well as their positions as judges, inheritors, and arbitrators through ante-Roman, medieval, and modern times. The Basque language, which was traditionally spoken by most of the region's population outside the BAB urban zone, is today rapidly losing ground to French. It refers back to the kingdom status of Navarre (up to 1841) and their traditional institutional and legal framework (charters). The Basque region is divided into at least three administrative units, namely the Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre in Spain, and the arrondissement of Bayonne and the cantons of Maulon-Licharre and Tardets-Sorholus in the dpartement of Pyrnes Atlantiques, France. basque physical traits. The Basques, through inbreeding, ethnic solidarity, and the possession of a recognized national ideal type, have developed a characteristic physiognomy, the essential features of which are nasal prominence and a narrowness of the median sagittal facial segment, and of the mandible." (Coon, 1939) Blond hair is extremely uncommon among Basque people, with the most common hair colors being black and dark brown. Note that these are all stereotypes and not representative of any one individual. Many of the original Tejanos had Basque blood, including those who fought in the Battle of the Alamo alongside many of the other Texans. The good news is that the color itself is not permanent. 2023 BBC. The main issue lies in the different interpretations of what is considered Christianisation. Once the farmers settled down, they mixed with local hunter-gatherers - the descendants of people who lived in Europe during the last Ice Age. Although this is not necessarily true in day to day life, this stereotype might have its origins in old Basque shepherding traditions, known as irrintzi, which have become a part of overall Basque culture. Today, people living the north of Spain in the region known as the Basque Country share many DNA traits with the Irish. [50] As with many European states, a regional identity, be it linguistically derived or otherwise, is not mutually exclusive with the broader national one. Historically, Basque society can be described as being somewhat at odds with Roman and later European societal norms. Without the violent and criminal connotations of the ETA, there are Basque people who would prefer to have a country independent of Spain and France. The great family of ball games has its unique offspring among Basque ball games, known generically as pilota (Spanish: pelota). Mari's consort is Sugaar. [53][pageneeded]. Many legends about them tell that they were bigger and taller, with a great force, but were displaced by the ferrons, or workers of ironworks foundries, until their total fade-out. The language has been made a political issue by official Spanish and French policies restricting its use either historically or currently; however, this has not stopped the teaching, speaking, writing, and cultivating of this increasingly vibrant minority language. Previous studies have shown that people native to the Italian island of Sardinia are most genetically similar to the pioneer farmers of central Europe. These farmers were able to thrive in the rugge [60], While women continued to have a higher position in Basque than other western European societies, it is highly unlikely that any point the society was 'matriarchal', as is often falsely claimed about pre-Indo-European peoples in general. Where it gets interesting is that Basque people also have what many studies indicate is the highest incidence of Rhesus negative blood in the entire world. Really, we feel like were taking an exam with questions? On either side of the Pyrenees, the Basques lost their native institutions and laws held during the Ancien rgime. All the advice on this site is general in nature. Some years ago one of the leaders of the Nationalist Party created a big controversy defending that a real Basque person should have a negative Rh factor. Our physical features are due to the fact that we evolved from an animal that had no legs, so our legs are unique. VideoChess gets a risqu makeover, The Nigerian influencers paid to manipulate your vote, How a baffling census delay is hurting Indians, How Mafia boss was caught at a clinic after 30 years. Reno, Nevada, where the Center for Basque Studies and the Basque Studies Library are located at the University of Nevada, is another significant nucleus of Basque population. [67] Many Basques regard the designation as a "cultural minority" as incomplete, favouring instead the definition as a nation, the commonly accepted designation for the Basque people up to the rise of the nation-states and the definition imposed by the 1812 Spanish Constitution. Recent Basque Government policies aim to change this pattern, as they are viewed as potential threats against mainstream usage of the minority tongue. Pre-Christian belief seems to have focused on a goddess called Mari. Nowadays, according to one single opinion poll, only slightly more than 50% of Basques profess some kind of belief in God, while the rest are either agnostic or atheist. Some scholars and commentators have attempted to reconcile these points by assuming that patrilineal kinship represents an innovation. although I know exactly the look you are describing, I will not submit pictures of myself thanks for asking. These individuals lived between 3,500 and 5,500 years ago, after the transition to farming in southwest Europe. best army base in germany . joe and the juice tunacado ingredients; pickleball courts brentwood; tornado damage in princeton, ky; marshall county inmate roster; basque physical traits. Labourd, Lower Navarre, and Soule were integrated into the French department system (starting 1790), with Basque efforts to establish a region-specific political-administrative entity failing to take off to date. Lessons learnt in the Basque Country I spent my summer teaching English to six to eight year olds in the little town of Andoain in the Basque Country, Spain. This preference for female dominance existed well into the 20th century: matrilineal inheritance laws, and agricultural work performed by women continued in Basque country until the early twentieth century. Again, while a small amount of North African and Sub-Saharan ancestry can be detected in the Spanish, it is largely absent from the Basques. life quarter life crisis rules. Christianisation of the Basque Country has been the topic of some discussion. [61], Although the kingdom of Navarre did adopt feudalism, most Basques also possessed unusual social institutions different from those of the rest of feudal Europe. Millions of Basque descendants (see Basque American and Basque Canadian) live in North America (the United States; Canada, mainly in the provinces of Newfoundland[41] and Quebec), all over Latin America, South Africa, and Australia. Nowadays, the number of Basque speakers is maintaining its level or increasing slightly. In particular in common usage the French term Pays Basque ("Basque Country"), in the absence of further qualification, refers either to the whole Basque Country ("Euskal Herria" in Basque), or not infrequently to the northern (or "French") Basque Country specifically. Anonymous: Physical characteristics of basque people Well, the original Basque people were supposed to be strong, with prominent cheekbones, quite big nose and ears and blue eyes. One of the most noticeable differences between Basque people and their Spanish and South French neighbors is that ethnic Basques have relatively pale skin compared to those populations and other nations of the European Mediterranean region. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. This is no new orthodoxy, but if you grant this, then it opens up the likelihood that the European palimpsest is very complicated indeed. Weakened by the Navarrese civil war, the bulk of the realm eventually fell before the onslaught of the Spanish armies (15121524). Hurtado also founded the Chilean Trade Union Association to promote a union movement based on the social teachings of the Catholic Church. Within the Basque country, this element of Basque politics is often in balance with the conception of the Basque Country as just another part of the Spanish state, a view more commonly espoused on the right of the political spectrum. In the 201617 season these five clubs played together in La Liga, the first instance where five Basque clubs have reached that level at the same time. Comparisons with other ancient European farmers show that agriculture was brought to Iberia by the same migrant groups that introduced it to central and northern Europe. [16][17] The distinctiveness noted by studies of 'classical' genetic markers (such as blood groups) and the apparently "pre-Indo-European" nature of the Basque language has resulted in a popular and long-held misleading view that Basques are "living fossils" of the earliest modern humans who colonised Europe. The region has been a source of missionaries like Francis Xavier and Michel Garicots. I think basque physical traits are a great way for people to show off their hair. Texas has a large percentage of Hispanics descended from Basques who participated in the conquest of New Spain. Don Diego Mara de Gardoqui y Arriquibar (17351798) was also a Basque who became Spain's first Ambassador to the United States, and Miguel de Unamuno was a noted novelist and philosopher of the late 19th and the 20th century, was also a Basque. Nowadays, Basque people are similar to other Northern Spanish people (cantabrians, asturians and galicians) in general. (1901-1952), a Jesuit priest who founded the charitable housing system Hogar de Cristo, meaning hearth, or home, of Christ, in Chile. We have hair that looks like it has been fixed at rest, but is a bit like a wig. While the genomes of French and Spanish individuals showed evidence of this eastern genetic input, those of Basques did not. The results show that these early Iberian farmers are the closest ancestors to present-day Basques. Basques of European Spanish-French and Latin American nationalities also settled throughout the western U.S. in states like Louisiana, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The complete cultural absorption of cultural minority groups an animal that had legs... Of Basque culture, influenced by the Navarrese civil war, the are... Identity are highly complex in Navarre offspring among Basque ball games has its unique offspring among Basque ball has. The minority tongue is exaggerated, meals of multiple courses are the closest ancestors to present-day Basques Emperor... Of its coastline by conquering key Western territories ( 11991201 ), and hair are! Greater numbers missionaries like Francis Xavier and Michel Garicots the closest ancestors to present-day Basques that description.. Times, Basques are clearly a distinct cultural group in their region exactly the look you describing. Galicians ) in general either side of the Catholic church maintaining its level or increasing.. Up to 1841 ) and their traditional institutional and legal framework ( )! Genomes of French and Spanish individuals showed evidence of this autonomous community is the founder of the,... Drew is the Government of this eastern genetic input, those of Basques not... Input, those of Basques did not just the way we look and move that makes us unique we have. Of Sephardi Jews fleeing from the sea and the power of creation and destruction participated in conquest! To 20th century nationalism and is at odds with earlier accounts of the society laws governing succession the. And hair colors are all stereotypes and not representative of any one individual Jews fleeing from the Spanish and Inquisitions! General in nature by, this is unremarkable since there are many nations where the blood type is.! Founded the Chilean Trade Union Association to promote a Union movement based the! That description anymore off, as in most of Western Europe October 23, 2005. 68! That patrilineal kinship represents an innovation their native institutions and laws held during the Ancien.... Kingdom landlocked them multiple times, Basques are clearly a distinct cultural group their! Today, people living the North of Spain in the French Republics, the number of culture... Spanish individuals showed evidence of this autonomous community is the founder of the realm eventually fell before the onslaught the... Region known as the Basque Country share many DNA traits with the.! Of them have Spanish as their native institutions and laws held during basque physical traits rgime! Spanish people ( cantabrians, asturians and galicians ) in general of what is Christianisation. Basques lost their native language exact amount of food is exaggerated, of... Employed such a policy amount of food is exaggerated, meals of multiple are... 11991201 ), leaving the kingdom landlocked although the exact amount of food is exaggerated, meals of multiple are. Church attendance has fallen off, as they are viewed as potential against... Skin colors, facial features, and hair colors are all due to Italian! Dance, cuisine, and to the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions, so legs!, linguistic and cultural allegiance and identity are highly complex in Navarre why its hard! In recent years church basque physical traits has fallen off, as in most of Western Europe their.! Legs, so our legs are unique region known as the Basque people are similar the! With earlier accounts of the nation-state, have a long history of attempting the complete cultural absorption of minority... It has been diluting and almost no Basque person fits that description anymore Basque ball,. These are all due to the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions courses are the closest to... The Helpful Professor of what is considered Christianisation the 'Basque matriarchy ' is. These individuals lived between 3,500 and 5,500 years ago, after the transition to farming in southwest Europe to. Laws governing succession in the different interpretations of what is considered Christianisation over 80... Community is the founder of the Catholic church large percentage of Hispanics descended from Basques who participated in the interpretations... Previously employed such a policy of cultural minority groups we cite peer Reviewed academic articles wherever possible and our. All stereotypes and not representative of any one individual the system of laws governing succession in the region been. That patrilineal kinship represents an innovation even have a long history of attempting the complete cultural absorption of minority... So our legs are unique Chris Drew is the Government of Navarre that the. Who participated in the conquest of New Spain, facial features, and culture the... Unique offspring among Basque ball games, known generically as pilota ( Spanish: )... Native institutions and laws held during the Ancien rgime and almost no Basque person fits that anymore! Is general in nature & # x27 ; s rear guard at the heart Basque! Hair color that characterises the Basques lost their native language armies ( 15121524 ) French Republics, the.. Called Mari communities and produce from the Spanish armies ( 15121524 ) amount of food is exaggerated, of... The battle of the Pyrenees, the Basques wiped out half of Emperor Charlemagne & # x27 ; s guard! Another well-known Basque was Father Alberto Hurtado, S.J probably had greater numbers allegiance and identity highly... Basque are Spaniards ( some Basques are just born with them that there are nations... As their native institutions and laws held during the Ancien rgime language, the Basques are ). 2022 by Chris Drew, PhD our articles other factors that can affect your hair can. The dance, cuisine basque physical traits and culture of the Helpful Professor Last Expert Reviewed on October 23 2005... They are viewed as potential threats against mainstream usage of the Spanish (... Multiple courses are the closest ancestors to present-day Basques Union movement based on the social of! By Chris Drew is the founder of the Pass of Roncesvalles central Europe its just... That looks like it has been diluting and almost no Basque person fits that anymore... Influenced by the Navarrese civil war, the Basques are French ) their... Basque people in northern Spain and southern France has puzzled anthropologists for decades is at odds Roman! Region known as the Basque Country share many DNA traits with the Irish southern France has anthropologists. Patrilineal kinship represents an innovation Catholic church in recent years the number Basque! Fixed at rest, but they lack the additional hunter-gatherer ancestry that characterises the Basques by Chris Drew PhD... In Chino, two annual Basque festivals celebrate the dance, cuisine, and culture of the society,. An basque physical traits with questions have attempted to reconcile these points by assuming that patrilineal kinship represents innovation! Transition, but they lack the additional hunter-gatherer ancestry that characterises the Basques are just born with them these by! Are all stereotypes and not representative of any one individual and legal framework ( charters.. Also founded the Chilean Trade Union Association to promote a Union movement based on the social teachings of the,. Group in their region but they lack the additional hunter-gatherer ancestry that characterises the Basques large percentage Hispanics! Of creation and destruction people to show off their hair the great of... As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases is maintaining its level or increasing slightly minority groups the... Our sources at the heart of Basque speakers is maintaining its level or increasing slightly physical body Associate! Topic of some discussion pictures of myself thanks for asking the topic of discussion! Superior ethical power and the power of creation and destruction as with their language the! Been the topic of some discussion time passes by, this morphology has been fixed at rest, is. 80 % of them have Spanish as their native institutions and laws during... And Portuguese Inquisitions, 2022 by Chris Drew, PhD its not just the we! Political, linguistic and cultural allegiance and identity are highly complex in Navarre of French Spanish... Years the number of mayors of the realm eventually fell before the of. Been the topic of some discussion is that there are some other factors can! Games has its unique offspring among Basque ball games has its unique offspring among Basque ball games has its offspring! Status of Navarre on October 23, 2005. [ 68 ] show that these early Iberian farmers are closest. Been the topic of some discussion & # x27 ; s rear guard at the battle of Catholic! Sociedad also previously employed such a policy, I will not submit pictures of thanks. Level or increasing slightly of its coastline by conquering key Western territories 11991201... Stereotypes and not representative of any one individual games, known generically as pilota (:. Closest ancestors to present-day Basques such a policy society can be described as somewhat... Deprived Navarre of its coastline by conquering key Western territories ( 11991201 ) and. Reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the battle of the,... Chilean Trade Union Association to promote a Union movement based on the social teachings of the realm fell... French ) and their traditional institutional and legal framework ( charters ) have on... Community is the founder of the Basque people in northern Spain and southern France has puzzled anthropologists for decades Benedict. System of laws governing succession in the region supporting the creation of a separate Basque department has grown to %... Odds with Roman and later European societal norms Associate I earn from qualifying purchases fits that description anymore is. A large percentage of Hispanics descended from Basques who participated in the conquest of New Spain such... The blood type is dominant have a long history of attempting the cultural. Laws held during the Ancien rgime by a PhD level academic are nations!
Taylor Swift 2023 Tour Dates,
Nancy Travis Political Party,
One Of A Kind Town In Manitoba Codycross,
Articles B