Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. WebCanada is a country in North America.Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area.Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching [109][110] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. Due to changes in testing policies across Canada, case counts shown may be lower than actual numbers. Here's how to protect yourself. [268] The Canada United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in 1994 (later replaced by the CanadaUnited StatesMexico Agreement). Virtual Tour Schedule a Tour. [30] The decline is attributed to several causes, including the transfer of European diseases, such as influenza, measles, and smallpox to which they had no natural immunity,[27][31] conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency. [332] Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the province. [370] There are 11 Indigenous language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects. Canada, the second largest country in the world in area (after Russia), occupying roughly the northern two-fifths of the continent of North America. [304] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees, accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements; it resettled more than 28,000 in 2018. Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Learn about Canadas response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. WebCOVID-19 in Canada. [152] Canada's oldest provincial park, Algonquin Provincial Park, established in 1893, covers an area of 7,653.45 square kilometres (2,955.01sqmi). [463], Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding Canadian Confederation by over 50 years. [175][176] Far-right and far-left politics have never been a prominent force in Canadian society. [108], In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. [61] To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly. [256] Canada's economy ranks above the U.S. and most western European nations on The Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom[257] and experiences a relatively low level of income disparity. [186][187], While the monarchy is the source of authority in Canada, in practice its position is symbolic. [321] Canada has one of the highest rates of adult obesity among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, contributing to approximately 2.7million cases of diabetes (types 1 and 2 combined). Includes workplace eligibility, steps to apply, processing times, and what you need to do before you work in Canada. [42] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608). [82] During this time, Canada introduced the Indian Act extending its control over the First Nations to education, government and legal rights. [122], By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. WebCanada. [222] Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976. [188] The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the leader of the Official Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check. Perceived health", "Health at a Glance: OECD Indicators by country", "Almost a million B.C residents have no family doctor", "Nearly 60% of British Columbians find it difficult to access a doctor or have no access at all: poll", "Emergency room, primary care closures continue over long weekend in rural B.C. [375] Due to its historical relation to the francophone culture, Quebec Sign Language (LSQ) is used primarily in Quebec, although there are sizeable Francophone communities in New Brunswick, Ontario and Manitoba. [372] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory. Of all Canadas top sights, Banff National Park justifiably ranks as many peoples number one. Chris Bolin/The Globe and Mail. It is the worlds second-largest country by total area, although as a whole the country is sparsely populated. [202] The Statute of Westminster, 1931 granted full autonomy, and the Constitution Act, 1982 ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. WebVisit our Campus. [426] The earliest Canadian narratives were of travel and exploration. [88], The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. [457] Canada has developed a vast music infrastructure that includes church halls, chamber halls, conservatories, academies, performing arts centres, record companies, radio stations and television music video channels. [328] Identified weaknesses were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a lack of prescription drugs and dental coverage. In addition, Canada is the single largest foreign supplier of energy to the United States. After a tumultuous first two seasons on the job, Matt Canada will return as the Pittsburgh Steelers' offensive coordinator in 2023, according to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Due to changes in testing policies across Canada, case counts shown may be lower than actual numbers. [44] The early 16th century saw European mariners with navigational techniques pioneered by the Basque and Portuguese establish seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast. Its land reaches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. Moving between provinces. [208] Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces. [59] The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution. It is the worlds second-largest country by total area, although as a whole the country is sparsely populated. [269] Canada has a strong cooperative banking sector, with the world's highest per-capita membership in credit unions. [365], The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec. Please select all that apply: [212] These rights may include provision of services, such as health care through the Indian Health Transfer Policy, and exemption from taxation. [14] The government of Louis St. Laurent ended the practice of using Dominion in the statutes of Canada in 1951. From east to west it stretches almost 4,700 miles (7,560 kilometers) across six time zones. [430], Numerous Canadian authors have accumulated international literary awards,[431] including novelist, poet, and literary critic Margaret Atwood, who received two Booker Prizes;[432] Nobel laureate Alice Munro, who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English;[433] and Booker Prize recipient Michael Ondaatje, who wrote the novel The English Patient, which was adapted as a film of the same name that won the Academy Award for Best Picture. [285] Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the artificial cardiac pacemaker, mapping the visual cortex,[286][287] the development of the electron microscope,[288][289] plate tectonics, deep learning, multi-touch technology and the identification of the first black hole, Cygnus X-1. [150] Approximately 13.8 percent of its territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas. [356] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[357][d] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3percent). It is to the north of the United States. [475], Canada has enjoyed success both at the Winter Olympics and at the Summer Olympics,[476] though particularly the Winter Games as a "winter sports nation", and has hosted several high-profile international sporting events such as the 1976 Summer Olympics,[477] the 1988 Winter Olympics,[478] the 2010 Winter Olympics[479][480] and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. [297][307], The majority of Canadians (81.1percent) live in family households, 12.1percent report living alone, and those living with other relatives or unrelated persons reported at 6.8percent. WebCanada. [296], The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. [153] Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area is the world's largest freshwater protected area, spanning roughly 10,000 square kilometres (3,900sqmi) of lakebed, its overlaying freshwater, and associated shoreline on 60 square kilometres (23sqmi) of islands and mainland. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98million square kilometres (3.85million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area. January 16, 2023, 3:32 p.m. EST. [275], In 2019, Canada spent approximately $40.3billion on domestic research and development, of which over $7billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments. [135], Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. After a tumultuous first two seasons on the job, Matt Canada will return as the Pittsburgh Steelers' offensive coordinator in 2023, according to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. [318] Just over 60,000 children are homeschooled in the country as of 2016. [336] Established in 1663, Universit Laval is the oldest post-secondary institution in Canada. WebFind out what document you need to travel, visit family and friends, do business, or transit through Canada, and how to extend your stay. [225], Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner. The Arctic Ocean is to the north of Canada. English and French are its official languages. [125] Canada also has vast maritime terrain, with the world's longest coastline of 243,042 kilometres (151,019mi). [367] New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. Canada holds the third largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, and is the only non-OPEC member in the top five. The border of Canada with the US is the longest bi-national land border in the world. Through their language, art and music, Indigenous peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity. From north to south it spans more than half the Northern Hemisphere. A house was sold without the owners' consent. [262] Like many other developed countries, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce. [261] Canada's exports totalled over $637billion, while its imported goods were worth over $631billion, of which approximately $391billion originated from the United States. [81] The federal government did provide emergency relief, on condition of the Indigenous peoples moving to the reserves. [18] The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America east of Lake Superior by 1855. [162][163] Peace, order, and good government, alongside an Implied Bill of Rights, are founding principles of the Canadian government. [39], It is believed that the first European to explore the east coast of Canada was Norse explorer Leif Erikson. [172] Historically, the Liberal Party position themselves at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum,[173][174] with the Conservative Party positioned on the right and the New Democratic Party occupying the left. [85] Canada provided asylum for the Dutch monarchy while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany. Canada is a country in North America. [360] The 2021 census indicated that 8.3million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0percent) of the population, reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canadaabove the 1921 census previous record of 22.3percent. [473] There are numerous other sport "halls of fame" in Canada, such as the Hockey Hall of Fame. [191] The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies. 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