Edmund Fitzgerald's bow hooked to one side or the other in heavy seas without recovering and made a groaning sound not heard on other ships. [72], In 1980, during a Lake Superior research dive expedition, marine explorer Jean-Michel Cousteau, the son of Jacques Cousteau, sent two divers from RVCalypso in the first manned submersible dive to Edmund Fitzgerald. Conversion to oil fuel and the fitting of automated boiler controls over the winter of 197172. [50] Edmund Fitzgerald, effectively blind, slowed to let Arthur M. Anderson come within a 10-mile (16km) range so she could receive radar guidance from the other ship. There were two guest staterooms for passengers. [112] Paul Trimble, a retired USCG vice admiral and president of the Lake Carriers Association (LCA), wrote a letter to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) on September 16, 1977, that included the following statements of objection to the USCG findings: The present hatch covers are an advanced design and are considered by the entire lake shipping industry to be the most significant improvement over the telescoping leaf covers previously used for many years The one-piece hatch covers have proven completely satisfactory in all weather conditions without a single vessel loss in almost 40years of use and no water accumulation in cargo holds[113], It was common practice for ore freighters, even in foul weather, to embark with not all cargo clamps locked in place on the hatch covers. Its mysterious demise inspired Gordon Lightfoot's hit song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" (1976), which helped make it the most famous shipwreck in the Great Lakes. The No. Of this series, the first and eighth were distorted or broken. . A freighter that had been in service for 17 years, the ship went down on the night of November 10, 1975, killing all 29 of the . [21], Edmund Fitzgerald was a record-setting workhorse, often beating her own milestones. The crew of Wilfred Sykes followed the radio conversations between Edmund Fitzgerald and Arthur M. Anderson during the first part of their trip and overheard their captains deciding to take the regular Lake Carriers' Association downbound route. "[121] Maritime authors Bishop and Stonehouse wrote that the shoaling hypothesis was later challenged on the basis of the higher quality of detail in Shannon's 1994photography that "explicitly show[s] the devastation of the Edmund Fitzgerald". [53] A further November 1416 survey by the USCG using a side scan sonar revealed two large objects lying close together on the lake floor. Although Captain Peter Pulcer was in command of Edmund Fitzgerald on trips when cargo records were set, "he is best remembered for piping music day or night over the ship's intercom system" while passing through the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. "[148] Thereafter, at the request of the Marine Board and the Commander of the USCG Ninth District, the Canadian Hydrographic Service conducted a survey of the area surrounding Michipicoten Island and Caribou Island in 1976. Gordon Lightfoot made it the subject of his 1976hit song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" after reading an article, "The Cruelest Month", in the November 24, 1975, issue of Newsweek. [17] Originally coal-fired, her boilers were converted to burn oil during the 197172 winter layup. The SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank Lake Superior nearly 47 years ago. Captained by Ernest M. McSorley, Fitzgerald left the Burlington Northern Railroad Dock 1 in Superior Wisconsin. A series of 16consecutive hatch cover clamps were observed on the No. [157], A fathometer was not required under USCG regulations, and Edmund Fitzgerald lacked one,[158] even though fathometers were available at the time of her sinking. [88] Shannon's photography of Edmund Fitzgerald's overturned stern showed "no evidence on the bottom of the stern, the propeller or the rudder of the ship that would indicate the ship struck a shoal. [82] He said: This placement does not support the hypothesis that the ship plunged to the bottom in one piece, breaking apart when it struck bottom. 2:39 PM. Marie, Michigan, with 1 foot (0.3m) of water. But hopefully closure and peace came to the families of those crew members that perished in . SS Arthur M. Anderson is a cargo ship of the laker type. 1 hatch were fractured and buckled inward. "[123] Author Bishop reported that Captain Paquette of Wilfred Sykes argued that through their support for the shoaling explanation, the LCA represented the shipping company's interests by advocating a hypothesis that held LCA member companies, the American Bureau of Shipping, and the U.S. Coast Guard Service blameless. Sinking: November 10, 1975 with no survivors. [14], With a deadweight capacity of 26,000 long tons (29,120 short tons; 26,417t),[4] and a 729-foot (222m) hull, Edmund Fitzgerald was the longest ship on the Great Lakes, earning her the title Queen of the Lakes[12] until September 17, 1959, when the 730-foot (222.5m) SS Murray Bay was launched. 1 deck, arch cargo hold construction, hatches @ 24', oil-fired . Upon sideways launch, the ship created a large wave that "doused" the spectators and then crashed into a pier before righting herself. '"[189], The day after the wreck, Mariners' Church in Detroit rang its bell 29times; once for each life lost. [83] Prior to conducting the dives, Shannon studied NOAA navigational charts and found that the international boundary had changed three times before its publication by NOAA in 1976. 9 was not detailed enough to indicate Six Fathom Shoal as a hazard to navigation.[146]. Saying "Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya." Edmund Fitzgerald previously reported being in significant difficulty to Arthur M. Anderson: "I have a bad list, lost both radars. Carrying a full cargo of ore pellets with Captain Ernest M. McSorley in command, she embarked on her ill-fated voyage from Superior, Wisconsin, near Duluth, on the afternoon of November 9, 1975. History. [140] Ramsay noted that Edmund Fitzgerald's hull was built with an all-welded (instead of riveted) modular fabrication method,[141] which was used for the first time in the GLEW shipyard. [36] Freshwater ships are built to last more than half a century, and Edmund Fitzgerald would have still had a long career ahead of her when she sank. . Navy estimates put the length of the bow section at 276 feet (84m) and that of the stern section at 253 feet (77m). It puts into perspective the sheer power of . "[55], By late in the afternoon of November 10, sustained winds of over 50 knots (93km/h; 58mph) were recorded by ships and observation points across eastern Lake Superior. Mark Thompson, a merchant seaman and author of numerous books on Great Lakes shipping, stated that if her cargo holds had watertight subdivisions, "the Edmund Fitzgerald could have made it into Whitefish Bay. [108] This hypothesis postulates that the "three sisters" compounded the twin problems of Edmund Fitzgerald's known list and her lower speed in heavy seas that already allowed water to remain on her deck for longer than usual. Marie at 7:39p.m. on channel16, the radio distress frequency. The Edmund Fitzgerald had a sister ship called the Arthur B. Homer, which was the second biggest ship on the great lakes (Stonehouse 13). [4] While navigating the Soo Locks he would often come out of the pilothouse and use a bullhorn to entertain tourists with a commentary on details about Edmund Fitzgerald. [177] In addition to the crew, 26,116 long tons (29,250 short tons; 26,535t) of taconite sank along with the vessel. [4], In 1969, Edmund Fitzgerald received a safety award for eight years of operation without a time-off worker injury. . 40 years after Edmund Fitzgerald wreck, crew member's brother shares memories. "[178] The company paid compensation to surviving families about 12months in advance of official findings of the probable cause and on condition of imposed confidentiality agreements. The two vessels were built in the same shipyard using welded joints instead of the riveted . For other uses, see, Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1975, Subsequent changes to Great Lakes shipping practice, The Fitzgerald Theater is not named after the, Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, research, development, test, and evaluation, American Society for Testing and Materials, Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons, National Transportation Safety Board (1978), "Lost Ships in Canadian Waters Silver Coin Series Continues with SS Edmund Fitzgerald Saga", "Admiralty and Maritime Law Research Guide", "Historical Collections of the Great Lakes: Great Lakes Vessels Online Index", "Detroit Church Broadens Its Scope Marking, "Exhibitions at Dossin Great Lakes Museum", "Orlando, Chicago divers first to touch the wreck of the, "30th anniversary, "The Legend Lives On": Diving the, "Gordon Lightfoot Changes 'Edmund Fitzgerald' Lyrics", "50 Years of Music with Gordon Lightfoot", "Lightfoot Changes 'Edmund Fitzgerald' Lyric", "Instrumented Sled, ROV Join to Provide Enhanced Images of, "Shipwreck Overshadowed Fitzgerald's Legacy", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald&oldid=1131231124, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with dead external links from September 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Edmund Fitzgerald, president of Northwestern Mutual, Fitz, Mighty Fitz, Big Fitz, Pride of the American Side, Toledo Express, Titanic of the Great Lakes, Lost with all hands (29 crew) in a storm, November 10, 1975, Single fixed pitch 19.5ft (5.9m) propeller. [91] That same year, Terrence Tysall and Mike Zee set multiple records when they used trimix gas to scuba dive to Edmund Fitzgerald. On NPR's Weekend Edition Saturday on February 14, 2015, Gordon Lightfoot said he was inspired to write the song when he saw the name misspelled "Edmond" in Newsweek magazine two weeks after the sinking; Lightfoot said he felt that it dishonored the memory of the 29 who died. while a sister ship, the Arthur M. Anderson survived the wrath of the Lake Superior. Burgner further testified that "the keel and sister kelsons were only 'tack welded'" and that he had personally observed that many of the welds were broken. [15] Edmund Fitzgerald's three central cargo holds[16] were loaded through 21 watertight cargo hatches, each 11 by 48 feet (3.4 by 14.6m) of .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}516-inch-thick (7.9mm) steel. The ship broke apart on the surface within seconds. Other questions were raised as to why the USCG did not discover and take corrective action in its pre-November 1975 inspection of Edmund Fitzgerald, given that her hatch coamings, gaskets, and clamps were poorly maintained. . [119] The NTSB dissenting opinion held that Edmund Fitzgerald sank suddenly and unexpectedly from shoaling. [132], When Bethlehem Steel Corporation permanently laid up Edmund Fitzgerald's sister ship, SS Arthur B. Homer, just five years after going to considerable expense to lengthen her, questions were raised as to whether both ships had the same structural problems. [4] For 17 years, Edmund Fitzgerald carried taconite from Minnesota's Iron Range mines near Duluth, Minnesota, to iron works in Detroit, Toledo, and other ports. She was found with cracks after the Big Fitz sank and then they scrapped her in 1986, so . [70], A U.S. Navy Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft, piloted by Lt. George Conner and equipped to detect magnetic anomalies usually associated with submarines, found the wreck on November 14, 1975. She was located in deep water on November 14, 1975, by a U.S. Navy aircraft detecting magnetic anomalies, and found soon afterwards to be in two large pieces. The pair are the only people known to have touched the Edmund Fitzgerald wreck. Once each trip, the captain held a candlelight dinner for the guests, complete with mess-jacketed stewards and special "clamdigger" punch. [125] A seiche, or standing wave, that occurred during the low-pressure system over Lake Superior on November 10, 1975, caused the lake to rise 3 feet (0.91m) over the Soo Locks's gates to flood Portage Avenue in Sault Ste. Stonehouse called on ship designers and builders to design lake carriers more like ships rather than "motorized super-barges"[152] making the following comparison: Contrast this [the Edmund Fitzgerald] with the story of the SS Maumee, an oceangoing tanker that struck an iceberg near the South Pole recently. On November 10, 1975, SS Edmund Fitzgerald and its crew of 29 men sank in Lake Superior. [110] The NTSB came to the same conclusion as USCG because: The proximity of the bow and stern sections on the bottom of Lake Superior indicated that the vessel sank in one piece and broke apart either when it hit bottom or as it descended. Many theorize what conditions caused the ship to go down that night. Frederick Stonehouse, who wrote one of the first books on the Edmund Fitzgerald wreck, moderated a 1990 panel review of the video that drew no conclusions about the cause of Edmund Fitzgerald's sinking. Within five minutes, the ship disappeared from radar, beginning its descent to the floor of Lake Superior. 1 hatch cover was entirely inside the No. they came to town with limestone for C Reiss, left with iron ore for Connneaut. It's the last and the largest ship ever lost on the lakes. [49] McSorley said that he would slow his ship down so that Arthur M. Anderson could close the gap between them. [171] At the time of Edmund Fitzgerald's foundering, there was no evidence that any governmental regulatory agency tried to control vessel movement in foul weather despite the historical record that hundreds of Great Lakes vessels had been wrecked in storms. [35], Captain Cooper of Arthur M. Anderson reported that his ship was "hit by two 30 to 35 foot seas about 6:30p.m., one burying the aft cabins and damaging a lifeboat by pushing it right down onto the saddle. [107], The "Edmund Fitzgerald" episode of the 2010 television series Dive Detectives features the wave-generating tank of the National Research Council's Institute for Naval Technology in St. John's, and the tank's simulation of the effect of a 17-meter (56ft) rogue wave upon a scale model of Edmund Fitzgerald. One had speeds in excess of 43 knots (80km/h; 49mph) and the other winds in excess of 40 knots (74km/h; 46mph). One of the worst seas I've ever been in." Hatch cover No. Around 10:30p.m., the USCG asked all commercial vessels anchored in or near Whitefish Bay to assist in the search. The line was thrown over the bow of the ship and the count of the knots measured the water depth. Darbynwoods. The USCG Marine Board issued the following conclusion: The nature of Great Lakes shipping, with short voyages, much of the time in very protected waters, frequently with the same routine from trip to trip, leads to complacency and an overly optimistic attitude concerning the extreme weather conditions that can and do exist. For more information: check out the National Transportation Safety Board Marine Accident Report. The sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald - November 10, 1975 The SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank in Lake Superior 20 years ago. Based on the NWS forecast, Arthur M. Anderson and Edmund Fitzgerald instead started their trip across Lake Superior following the regular Lake Carriers Association route, which placed them in the path of the storm. The S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald was the largest ship on the Great Lakes. You're walking away from us anyway I can't stay with you. The USCG, NTSB, and proponents of alternative theories have all named multiple possible contributing factors to the foundering of Edmund Fitzgerald. No distress signal was received, and ten minutes later, Arthur M. Anderson lost the ability either to reach Edmund Fitzgerald by radio or to detect her on radar. As Edmund Fitzgerald was sailing under the U.S. flag, even though she sank in foreign (Canadian) waters, she was subject to U.S. admiralty law. He stated, "After that, trust me, when a gale came up we dropped the hook [anchor]. Final resting place: Lake Superior, about 530 ft underwater. [170] Of the official recommendations, the following actions and USCG regulations were put in place: Karl Bohnak, an Upper Peninsula meteorologist, covered the sinking and storm in a book on local weather history. The efforts of a third freighter, the Toronto-registered SSHilda Marjanne, were foiled by the weather. '"[132] Orgel was quoted as saying that the loss of Edmund Fitzgerald was caused by hull failure, "pure and simple. The hypothesis contended that the wave action continued to damage the hull, until the middle third dropped out like a box, leaving the ship held together by the center deck. The Edmund Fitzgerald was a "Laker" type iron ore bulk freighter launched on June 7, 1958 by the Great Lakes Engineering Works in River Rogue, Michigan for the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company one year after its near sister ship Arthur B. Homer. [65] Paquette, master of Wilfred Sykes, out in the same storm, said, "I'll tell anyone that it was a monster sea washing solid water over the deck of every vessel out there. YoungPlusJSC. [181] NTSB's investigation resulted in 19recommendations for the USCG, four recommendations for the American Bureau of Shipping, and two recommendations for NOAA. [120], The LCA believed that instead of hatch cover leakage, the more probable cause of Edmund Fitzgerald's loss was shoaling or grounding in the Six Fathom Shoal northwest of Caribou Island when the vessel "unknowingly raked a reef" during the time the Whitefish Point light and radio beacon were not available as navigation aids. Fitzgerald's own grandfather and all great uncles had themselves been lake captains,[22] and his father owned the Milwaukee Drydock Company, which built and repaired ships. While it is true that sailing conditions are good during the summer season, changes can occur abruptly, with severe storms and extreme weather and sea conditions arising rapidly. Despite the passage of time, the story of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald continues to fascinate the residents of the Great Lakes state and beyond. From the beginning of the USCG inquiry, some of the crewmen's families and various labor organizations believed the USCG findings could be tainted because there were serious questions regarding their preparedness as well as licensing and rules changes. Some attribute the fame to Gordon Lightfoot popular song about the tragedy. The ship's esteemed history is overshadowed by the tragedy that sent the vessel plunging to the bottom of Lake Superior with all 29 crew . 8:30 AM. The bow section stood upright in the mud, some 170 feet (52m) from the stern section that lay capsized at a 50-degree angle from the bow. [165] The loss of Edmund Fitzgerald also exposed the USCG's lack of rescue capability on Lake Superior. "[168] Paquette's vessel was the first to reach a discharge port after the November 10 storm; she was met by company attorneys who came aboard Sykes. 7 and 8 and both coamings were fractured and severely distorted. A replica engraved with the names of the 29sailors who died replaced the original on the wreck. Prior to the load-line increases she was said to be a "good riding ship" but afterwards Edmund Fitzgerald became a sluggish ship with slower response and recovery times. With a load of iron ore twenty-six thousand tons more. 5 was missing. When launched in 1958, the Edmund Fitzgerald was the largest ship traversing the Great Lakes, setting records for hauling taconite iron ore mined in Minnesota and destined for Midwest steel mills. [191][192], The ship's bell was recovered from the wreck on July 4, 1995. [49] Divers searched the Six Fathom Shoal after the wreck occurred and found no evidence of "a recent collision or grounding anywhere. Frederick Stonehouse wrote: Stewards treated the guests to the entire VIP routine. The flooding occurred gradually and probably imperceptibly throughout the final day, finally resulting in a fatal loss of buoyancy and stability. The final position of the wreckage indicated that if the Edmund Fitzgerald had capsized, it must have suffered a structural failure before hitting the lake bottom. The SS Edmund Fitzgerald was known by many nicknames Fitz, Big Fitz, Mighty Fitz, Toledo Express, Pride of the American Stride, Titanic of the Great Lakes, and Queen of the Lakes. Edmund Fitzgerald lay about 15 miles (13nmi; 24km) west of Deadman's Cove, Ontario (about 8 miles (7.0nmi; 13km) northwest of Pancake Bay Provincial Park), 17 miles (15nmi; 27km) from the entrance to Whitefish Bay to the southeast, in Canadian waters close to the international boundary at a depth of 530 feet (160m). A brief history on the sister ship of the Edmund Fitzgerald. The next morning, Jack Borgeson remembers his mother brushing his sister's hair in front of the TV when news came on of the ship's sinking. [45] Until then, Edmund Fitzgerald had followed Arthur M. Anderson, which was travelling at a constant 14.6 miles per hour (12.7kn; 23.5km/h),[40] but the faster Edmund Fitzgerald pulled ahead at about 3:00a.m.[46] As the storm center passed over the ships, they experienced shifting winds, with wind speeds temporarily dropping as wind direction changed from northeast to south and then northwest. [31] Loading Edmund Fitzgerald with taconite pellets took about four and a half hours, while unloading took around 14hours. [90] Canadian engineer Phil Nuytten's atmospheric diving suit, known as the "Newtsuit," was used to retrieve the bell from the ship, replace it with a replica, and put a beer can in Edmund Fitzgerald's pilothouse. The disaster is one of the best known in the history of Great Lakes shipping. [212], Great Lakes freighter sunk in Lake Superior, "Edmund Fitzgerald" redirects here. [23] Fitzgerald had attempted to dissuade the naming of the ship after himself proposing the names Centennial, Seaway, Milwaukee and Northwestern. On November 9, 1975, the Edmund Fitzgerald pushed across the waters of Lake Superior with a cargo of iron ore. A storm came up in the afternoon and pounded the ship through the night with winds up to 75 mph, blinding snow, and waves reaching 25 feet. The USCG Marine board concluded that the few damaged clamps were probably the only ones fastened. [159] The NTSB investigation concluded that a fathometer would have provided Edmund Fitzgerald additional navigational data and made her less dependent on Arthur M. Anderson for navigational assistance. Her belly is heavy, loaded down with twenty-six thousand tons of taconite pellets. However, none has been as famous as Edmund Fitzgerald. "[85], Shannon's group discovered the remains of a crew member partly dressed in coveralls and wearing a life jacket alongside the bow of the ship, indicating that at least one of the crew was aware of the possibility of sinking. [51], For a time, Arthur M. 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