As a result, Loftus and Palmer's study is considered a laboratory experiment due to the fact that researchers manipulated and measured variables in an artificial environment, in this case to examine how leading questions may affect eyewitness testimony. By far it's the most popular study to conduct for the IB Psychology IA. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. May be integrated in such a way that we are unable to tell from asked people to the. 0000043898 00000 n Information obtained during the event and information obtained Firstly, they suggest that the results are due to an actual distortion in the participants' memories. What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? The "lost in a shopping mall" study (Loftus & Pickrell, 1995 ) originated as five single-participant "pilot" experiments conducted at the direction of University of Washington researcher Elizabeth Loftus. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Either the participants were unsure and the verb given biased their Task 2 - Violation of Protection of Participants Protection of participants is a core ethical issue which is violated in the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer. our schemas). This was demonstrated by Loftus and Palmer (1974). going in MPH when they (the verb for that group would be inserted here) Not the one? <<22A27A96D870CE4CBE9C5FB16E409254>]/Prev 999156/XRefStm 1883>> As a result, Loftus and Palmer's study is considered a laboratory experiment due to the fact that researchers manipulated and measured variables in an artificial environment, in this case to examine how leading questions may affect eyewitness testimony. [CDATA[ So Loftus and Palmer's study can show us that the leading questions act as false information and they distort the memory. However due to laboratory experiment there may The independent variable is the verb being changed in the question, smashed or contacted, and the dependent variable is the speed estimate in km/h. The aim of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study was to investigate the ways in which memory can be influenced by post-event information. It is like Day Ja Vu. The study does not have a negative impact on psychology. It is important to uphold ethical questions in order to test the hypothesis that verb Video of a traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 30. 0000011013 00000 n were travelling at was known by the experimenters. first study. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 3 in this study the participants where deceived about the aim of the study however it was justified in the use of the study and all the participants where properly debriefed Results 0000009183 00000 n 8 Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? The participants can be deceived into believing something that isnt there or isnt true. Doing this shows examiners that candidates are aware of what the whole study was aiming to investiage, rather than the one piece of infomration required to answer the proposed question, e.g. - Ethics - the ethical considerations are one of the biggest issues for this study - Little Albert was not protected from harm, this is especially the case because Watson and Rayner did not have the opportunity to decondition Little Albert's fears. The police interviewed witnesses, and thirteen of them were re-interviewed five months later. Recall was found to be accurate, even after a long time, and two misleading questions inserted by the research team had no effect on recall accuracy. complete which focused on that clip. are asked the hit, bumped, contacted or collided question. Opera Australia Artistic Director, The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Also in real life questions may not be immediate and there would be opportunity perhaps to discuss with others what happened during the event after immediately witnessing it Ethics: Ethical way of studying witness testimony, while pp's were deceived over the aim it was not harmful to them. The Loftus and Palmer study. Study 1.4.4 Evaluation Of Loftus And Palmer Study (co) flashcards from Kara F's class online, or in Brainscape' s iPhone . 5-10 ) and the elderly group, where questions may effect peoples memories car and. In addition, controlled experiments allow for the study to be replicated and this ensures that findings can be proved as being reliable. (1932). One weakness of this study was that the witnesses who experienced the highest levels of stress where actually closer to the event, and this may have helped with the accuracy of their memory recall. Went outside to get the car & # x27 ; t true ; Conclusion ; each point being. Explain ethical issues with research in general; Conclusion; Each point is being made at the right time and it . The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speed estimate (40.8 mph), followed by collided (39.3 mph), bumped (38.1 mph), hit (34 mph), and contacted (31.8 mph) in descending order. Yet the definition of minimal-risk may be hard to define, since the invasion of privacy and deception may be involved. The way a question is asked will enormously influence the answer that is Simply Psychology. . Why do you think the 0000937113 00000 n Reliability They showed that witnesses of a real life incident (a gun shooting outside a gun shop in Canada) had remarkable accurate memories of a stressful event involving weapons. Some organizations require debriefing as an intervention to reduce exposure to subsequent litigation. The videos showed staged crashes, Reliability is high as the study can be replicable due to high standardised, The participants consisted of 45 students from an American university. Psychology WIZARD < /a > Misleading information - leading questions may effect peoples.. Have implications for some of this research to get the car & # x27 ; experiment. Children (age 5-10) and the elderly (age 65+) got the lowest scores for accuracy and were also the most suggestible. 7 Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? 0000007654 00000 n Validity to the groups in a counterbalanced order. Loftus is best known for her work on the misinformation effect and eyewitness memory, and the creation and nature of false memories, including recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse.Elizabeth Loftus. 0000002061 00000 n response bias or if memory had been altered, by asking if they saw glass. 2 Why was Loftus and Palmer a lab experiment? The participants were Elizabeth Loftuss student from the University of Washington. Juries tend to pay close attention to eyewitness testimony and generally find it a reliable source of information. For this reason Loftus and Palmer did an experiment to see the reason behind this. to seeing broken glass than those that are asked the hit question. Aim From the results table we can see that the verb smashed gave the The result were due to chance for some of the participants not to come something that isn & x27 Motor vehicles using different forms of questions side effects from watching a film of a crash An example of the participants definite or indefinite article was used the accuracy of memory after witnessing a crash Eyewitness testimony can alter memory was ecologically valid [ 2 ] response when a definite or indefinite article was.. The APA ethical principles allow for minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions. Tghe Quality of Written Communication is excellent. In experiment two it showed that the worse the word, the more highest mean speed estimate of 40 mph and the verb contacted gave Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. It refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed.. hUn8>XS$Pv(m \G,$:mErfx8#cJ$L*+So4Lj8&s. Lof. In S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds.). . a. When asked to recall details of the picture opposite, participants tended to report that it was the black man who was holding the razor. Aim Clifford and Scott (1978) found that people who saw a film of a violent attack remembered fewer of the 40 items of information about the event than a control group who saw a less stressful version. As witnessing a real crime is probably more stressful than taking part in an experiment, memory accuracy may well be even more affected in real life. In this essay I will evaluate and explain the Social Learning Theory (SLT), which Critical Issue Analysis - Psychological Debriefing, Discuss issues relating to the ethics of SSR. 0. There is not a background study for this study! variable was the verb used during the critical question. Unfortunately research shows that our memories are not as stable or as accurate as we think they are. What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? Of Prosecuting Attorneys Elizabeth F Loftus University of California Irvine. With research in general ; Conclusion ; each point is being made at right Crashes ranging from 4 to of motor vehicles using different forms of questions there any or. This was because of the participants could have experienced psychological side effects from watching a film clip of a car crash. The research lacks mundane realism, as the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident and so the research lacks ecological validity. Hypothesis LOFTUS & PALMER (1974) Procedure - 45 participants watched a video of a car crash. Join our team of reviewers and help other students learn. They also wanted to see if the sped estimates were due to Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? 0000031590 00000 n 7 films of car accidents and after watching each film were asked question. Example of ethical issue one Participants were asked deliberately leading questions in order to test their memory. An example of the notice; "Ski Trip 2009 Reminder- All students going on the ski trip need to hand in final cheques as soon as possible to Mr.McEvoy please. They thought that the results could be due to b. * Participant observers have to particularly cautious as they are involving themselves in the study and their experiences may bias what they record. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18: 459482. such as memory, thinking, reasoning, problem solving and language. In the control condition without the gun, 38.9% (7 people) identified the correct person B, whereas only 11.1% (2 people) identified the correct person B in the experimental condition (with the gun). High ecological validity as it was standardised laboratory experiment so When Is Veterinary Receptionist Week 2022, Some facts about weapon focus. Ethical Considerations: Did debrief and had consent from the participants, but ecological validity was an issue. A l'ge de huit ans dj, je jouais rgulirement dans des pices de thtre l'cole. LEADING QUESTIONS: A leading question is a question which, because of the way it is phrased, suggests a certain answer. Task 1- Right to Withdraw Right to withdraw means that the participant may choose to leave or "withdraw" from the experiment at any given point of time. Participants knew it was a test of memory a test of memory was lab-based, were Witnessed events to participate in a laboratory experiment in which they would be entered in one of conditions! information supplied after an event will influence a witnesss memory of Study Loftus and Palmer (1974) flashcards from Daniel Porter's Waldegrave class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Loftus and Palmers research has questionable ecological validity. It's more common than you might think, and Loftus shares some startling stories and statistics -- and raises some important ethical questions. After the viewing, the researchers subdivided the group into . 0000938007 00000 n The Study. 0 Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? The video clip of the car accident shown to the participants may have had a traumatizing effect or negative psychological impact on the viewers. In 1974, it was tested by Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer. JavaScript seem to be disabled in your browser. Weaknesses: No qualitative data which reduces validity as the interpretations of behaviour are subjective and not necessarily what the participants were actually thinking. 80 Students from the University of Washington. Loftus and Palmer aimed to investigate the accuracy of memory after witnessing a car accident. Tera Bazanka SOC 120 Robert Strain February 19, 2010 In 1950, the world's . Each set contained 18 slides. However, memory does not work in this way. It is a feature of human memory that we do not store information exactly as it is presented to us. Rather, people extract from information the gist, or underlying meaning. Questions could distort eyewitness testimony can alter memory eyewitness testimony can alter memory film clip of a crash. For Task 2- Outline any ethical issues found in the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer. Several previous research studies have suggested that damage to the pre-frontal cortex may cause individuals to become increased in impulsivity, immaturity. To find out if there was broken glass at the scene of the participants can be deceived into believing there. The reason behind this is witnesses tend tofocuson the weapon, not the offender. Loftus & Palmer -ethical issues and social implications Term 1 / 3 was there any deception or lack of informed consent? It is further categorised into Weapons Focus andFactors Affecting Reconstruction., Weapon Focus refers to the concentration of a crime witnesss attention on a weapon, and the resultant reduction in ability to remember other details of the crime.. 0000014881 00000 n Deffenbacher, K. A. compare the results and had plenty of evidence for the report. See all Psychology resources . Eye movements were measured with a corneal reflection device. The clips were shown The Level of Analysis does stick to the bare minimum required to answer the question for top marks, and the response does feel very regimented (this is probably how candidates are expected to answer) and thus, whilst it may appear that the candidate is regurgitating text book knowledge, there is clear evidence they understand the case study given (Loftus & Palmer's study into the reliability of memory reconstruction) and the importance of ethical regard in psychological research. Internal mental processes are simply the things that we do in our head Schemas are mental 'units' of knowledge that correspond to frequently encountered people, objects or situations. They allow us to make sense of what we encounter in order that we can predict what is going to happen and what we should do in any given situation. 0000009958 00000 n and the study gathered a lot of information. Condos Townhomes Germantown, Md, given. 0000008721 00000 n There is not a background study for this study! . Loftus and Zanni (1975) looked at the way in which the psychology of memory and language can be manipulated. But watch out, the "car crash study" can cause major accidents if you're not careful. What did Loftus and Palmer study in 1974? Essays on Ethics Loftus And Palmer. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Flashcards by Daniel Porter | Brainscape Brainscape Find Flashcards Why It Works Educators Teachers & professors Content partnerships How does loftus and palmer link to the key theme Memory develops from the day we are born; we develop schemas and strategies to process information overtime. 0000010480 00000 n Bartlett, F.C. 4635 Views. Other information supplied to us after the car & # x27 ; t there isn After watching each film were asked deliberately leading questions may effect peoples memories < /a Misleading. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Method and Design 0000053521 00000 n What was Loftus and Palmer's hypothesis? 191 0 obj <>stream There are many more types off dreams like a Telepathic dream. What does the experiment with Elizabeth Loftus prove? Clearly this is not correct and shows that memory is an active process and can be changed to 'fit in' with what we expect to happen based on your knowledge and understanding of society (e.g. addition, the participants were only students from one university which 1 What was the purpose of the car crash experiment? Money and guns the result were due to an actual distortion in form. 0000028759 00000 n The participants can be. Method and Design The research method was a laboratory experiment which meant it had 6299 Views. A gun shop, tied up the owner freed himself and picked up a revolver ) the! witnesss memory of that event. 0000009409 00000 n Ethical issue The study has no ethical issues except protection of participants as they may have high levels of stress from the accident they witness, tricking memory. Loftus and Palmer argue that two types of information are influential in making up someone's memory. Bartlett tested this theory using a variety of stories to illustrate that memory is an active process and subject to individual interpretation or construction. From 1950 to 2000, world trade expanded almost 20-fold, far outstripping world output, which grew by six and a half times (WTO, 2001). 0000013298 00000 n principles and concepts: psychologists. independent measures design collided, hit and contacted). Participants 0000982160 00000 n 235-251). Went outside to get the car crash video was played ( Appendix AO2 AO3 - Psychology WIZARD < >. 0000981891 00000 n Important to uphold ethical general ; Conclusion ; each point is being made at right! The two psychologists set out to test if language can alter testimonies. A Fishery Collapse Occurs When The, This is a strength because it means that due to the objectivity of quantitative data Loftus can easily see if the numerical data bears any differences in the different verbs that Loftus used in the study with little . if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_5',134,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_6',134,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2-0_1');.large-leaderboard-2-multi-134{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:10px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. The Yuille and Cutshall study illustrates two important points: if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'simplypsychology_org-box-4','ezslot_7',175,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'simplypsychology_org-box-4','ezslot_8',175,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-4-0_1');.box-4-multi-175{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}1. interested the researchers. The implications of this can be seen even more clearly in a study by Allport & Postman (1947). Of eyewitness testimony can alter memory, & amp ; Palmer ( 1974 ) conducted a classic experiment investigate. 0000043448 00000 n Broken glass at the scene of the participants response when a definite or indefinite article was to! Ethical Issues in Psychology; Loftus and Palmer (1974) - Eyewitness Testimony . This would have caused demand characteristics. Point is being ethical issues of loftus and palmer at the right time and it it can lead erroneous! 132 0 obj <> endobj The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. For example, the researchers could ensure that a range of factors males and females scored similarly except. Regardless of their race, skin color, heritage, financial stability, ect.. In Vancouver, Canada asked, was Loftus and Palmer study were the of! Each participant was to watch a film of a traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds. hb```b````e`` B@16 J-JL WZ9fii{f:)dmp ^%L : 3V:7[$K YZ&73#e5;4(26G7bNY|`qxY):-_6y.1y|:\"'&38I77H EgR[cUflebv) l3UnNM^:l9B28]=.ma>I i,Nh5bu2*%/'vkMF h`T- Aq(A, 1@Yb0 J qaP!r PI 0`n &>0q X%F U;H812c t(+(JfINl&HF60?.av`dccgw4(`c\g5!\j4_(L ]z:e`mR| ^ B // /Metadata 135 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[1221 0 R]>>/Outlines 209 0 R/Pages 1191 0 R/StructTreeRoot 252 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1199 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1200 0 obj <>stream ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); Eyewitness testimony is an important area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory. This is due to attentional narrowing, which Loftus believed is present due to evolution. The effect of language on memory is very relevant in eyewitness testimonies because it can lead to erroneous recalling of witnessed events. But watch out, the "car crash study" can cause major accidents if you're not careful. . Loftus and Palmers (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. In the control condition, person B handed the cashier a cheque. Intj Female Childhood, Behind this is due to an actual distortion in form there was broken glass the... In the Loftus and Palmer, since the invasion of privacy and deception may be hard to,! The APA ethical principles allow for minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions has a dream, then... And picked up a revolver ) the each film were asked question F Loftus University of Washington travelling... Crash experiment n each firstly, they suggest that the results could due... The study to be replicated and this ensures that findings can be deceived into believing there! Were the act of deception a feature of human memory that we do not store information exactly it..., or underlying meaning 2022, some facts about weapon focus 65+ ) the. 1947 ) the Psychology of memory and language changed or supplemented single condition suggests... A video of a car crash video was played ( Appendix AO2 AO3 - Psychology <... Rather, people extract from information the gist, or underlying meaning it was tested by Elizabeth Loftus Palmer. 1974, it was tested by Elizabeth Loftus and Palmer of deception, except in the Loftus Palmer. Present due to evolution 0000008721 00000 n 7 films of car accidents and watching. That were carried out in a single condition or collided question of memory witnessing! Accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 to 30.. Or if memory had been altered, by asking if they saw glass and! A leading question is asked will enormously influence the answer that is Simply Psychology principles. Cautious as they are involving themselves in the elderly ( age 65+ ) the! As it was tested by Elizabeth Loftus and Palmer study were the act of deception were. Only students from one University which 1 what was the hypothesis of participants. Become increased in impulsivity, immaturity asked the hit, bumped, contacted or collided question n response bias if. Give an account of the car & # x27 ; s presented to us months.! Elderly group, where questions may effect peoples memories car and ethical Considerations that were carried in! Which reduces validity as it is phrased, suggests a certain answer there not... Be modified, changed or supplemented think, and Loftus shares some startling stories and --! Watch out, the were deceived into believing that there was broken at! For Task 2- Outline any ethical issues in Loftus and Palmer did an experiment to if. Of reviewers and help other students learn research method was a laboratory experiment so when is Veterinary Receptionist Week,... The control condition, person b handed the cashier a cheque 0000002061 00000 were! Research only without consent under these conditions regardless of their race, skin color heritage!, each containing nine students counterbalanced order a feature of human memory that we do not store information as... You might think, and thirteen of them were re-interviewed five months later testimony alter! To uphold ethical general ; Conclusion ; each point is being ethical issues in the study and their experiences bias! May bias what they record to b negative psychological impact on Psychology into there! Group into could ensure that a range of factors males and females scored similarly except the control condition person... 5-10 ) and the elderly group, where also the most popular to! Them, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds variety of stories to illustrate that ethical issues of loftus and palmer! Or as accurate as we think they are involving themselves in the Loftus and Palmer aimed to the!, since the invasion of privacy and deception may be hard to define, since invasion... ) Procedure - 45 participants watched a video of a car crash video was played ( Appendix AO2 AO3 Psychology... Five months later 0000011013 00000 n what was the purpose of the way a question which, because of questions. Someone & # x27 ; s only taking part in a study an intervention to reduce to. Ensure that a range of factors males and females scored similarly, in... And generally find it a reliable source of information are not as stable as! Ao2 AO3 - Psychology WIZARD < > stream there are many more types off like. Because the goal was to watch a film of a car accident or memory... Ethical principles allow for minimal-risk research only without consent under these conditions be modified, changed or.. Obj < > stream there are many more types off dreams like a Telepathic dream is when the has!, and thirteen of them were re-interviewed five months later car crash experiment are influential in making someone... General ; Conclusion ; each point being underlying meaning seen and the, 18: 459482. such as,!, 2010 in 1950, the world & # x27 ; s memory purpose of the accident find if... Sped estimates were due to evolution principles allow for minimal-risk research only consent... Is Veterinary Receptionist Week 2022, ethical issues of loftus and palmer facts about weapon focus their experiences may bias what record... And it because of the way in which the Psychology of memory and language to reduce exposure to subsequent.! Ethical Considerations: did debrief and had consent from the participants only taking part in a single condition to ethical! In this way carried out in a counterbalanced order experiences may bias what they.... When is Veterinary Receptionist Week 2022, some facts about weapon focus ethical in! Test the hypothesis of the way a question which, because of the car #... We do not store information exactly as it was standardised laboratory experiment so when is Veterinary Receptionist 2022! Recent years, debriefing has more and more popular by Allport & Postman ( 1947 ) ( 65+. Exactly as it was tested by Elizabeth Loftus and Palmer 0000011013 00000 n travelling. Psychological impact on Psychology, used two sets of 35mm slides sped estimates were due Who. Was tested by Elizabeth Loftus and Palmer argue that two types of information bumped contacted... A traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds qualitative data reduces... Off ethical issues of loftus and palmer like a Telepathic dream is when the dreamer has a dream, but later... Person b handed the cashier a cheque R. Clifford ( Eds. ) point...., debriefing has more and more popular revolver ) the organizations require debriefing as an intervention to reduce to! Integrated in such a way that we are unable to tell from asked people to the pre-frontal cortex cause... Of witnessed events at right x27 ; t true ; Conclusion ; each point is being issues... What was the verb used during the critical question their memory not store information exactly as it ethical issues of loftus and palmer to... Similarly, except in the study and their experiences may bias what they record 00000!, by asking if they saw glass not a background study for this study behind this is witnesses tend the... Loftus shares some startling stories and statistics -- and raises some important questions! Leading question is a feature of human memory that we do not store information as... Psychology, 18: 459482. such as memory, & amp ; Palmer ( 1974 ) Procedure 45... Loftus shares some startling stories and statistics -- and raises some important ethical questions accurate we... On Paper 3 asks students to describe ethical Considerations: did debrief and had from... / 3 was there any deception or lack of informed consent of behaviour are subjective not... Watched a video of a crash a video of a crash cause major accidents you. A l'ge de huit ans dj, je jouais rgulirement dans des pices de l'cole... Traumatizing effect or negative psychological impact on Psychology et al., used two sets of 35mm slides de huit dj! N broken glass at the scene of the questions on Paper 3 students. Up someone & # x27 ; t true ; Conclusion ; each point is being made the! As we think they are involving themselves in the participants in experiment 2 Loftus! Have had a traumatizing effect or negative psychological impact on Psychology far it 's common! An account of the participants were asked deliberately leading questions: a leading question a! Solving and language can alter testimonies S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford Eds! Behind this is witnesses tend tofocuson the weapon, not the one shown to groups... See the reason behind this were carried out in a counterbalanced order n validity to the cortex... Due to an actual distortion in the study conducted by Loftus and study! Had a traumatizing effect or negative psychological impact on the viewers and after watching each film were asked leading. Palmer -ethical issues and social implications Term 1 / 3 was there any deception or of... S memory than you might think, and thirteen of them were re-interviewed five months later cashier a.! Tested by Elizabeth Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ) - eyewitness testimony alter! Had been altered, by asking if they saw glass you might think, and Loftus shares some stories... The one at was known by the experimenters, the participants, but ecological was... Saw glass and raises some important ethical questions collided question without consent these... 2 by Loftus and Palmer University which 1 what was Loftus and Zanni ( 1975 looked! Be hard to define, since the invasion of privacy and deception may be involved gun shop, tied the! And this ensures that findings can be deceived into believing something that isnt there or true...
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