Sea Transport of Petroleum, Jansen and Hayes, Ainsley, South Shields 1938, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Use and Storage of Flammable & Combustible Liquids | Environmental Health and Safety | Iowa State University", "Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester", "Fuels and Chemicals Autoignition Temperatures", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flash_point&oldid=1133299867, This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 03:00. Second, gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons, so there is no fixed value of a TRUE VAPOUR PRESSURE (thats the name for a vapour pressure at differnt temperature). Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Before heading into the next section, be sure to master the conversions between the various pressure measurement units: our pressure conversion tool is a comprehensive guide to do so. RVP is an abbreviation for "Reid vapor pressure," a common measure of and generic term for gasoline volatility. * Gas density in atoms or molecules per volume, assuming a monatomic gas unless the substance is given as molecule. Jump to the next section to read more about the constants in the Antoine formula. Flash points of substances are measured according to standard test methods described and defined in a 1938 publication by T.L. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Vapour Pressure of Diesel Fuel Hydrocarbon Vapour pressures of diesel at room temperature are very low; that discussed in has a vapor pressure of 0.4 mm Hg (E 0.053 kPa). The 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments added a new section, 211(h), that prohibited the EPA from establishing a volatility standard more stringent than 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi) in an ozone attainment area, except that EPA may impose a lower (i.e., more stringent) standard in any former ozone nonattainment area that has been redesignated to attainment. 7840. It works for many substances, although you need to know the coefficients. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The absolute vapour pressure of a liquid occurs at 37.8 degrees Celsius or 37.8 degrees Celsius. Depending on the state and month, gasoline RVP may not exceed 9.0 psi or 7.8 psi. If you want to get the result in a different pressure unit, simply click on the unit name and choose the one you need: Pa\mathrm{Pa}Pa, hPa\mathrm{hPa}hPa, torr\mathrm{torr}torr, mmHg\mathrm{mmHg}mmHg or any other unit. For a more generic tool, visit our vapor pressure calculator! Wow those are alot smaller then I would have thought. Discover how this hybrid manufacturing process enables on-demand mold fabrication to quickly produce small batches of thermoplastic parts. The threshold limit value (TLV) for styrene is 20 p.p.m. These rules reduce gasoline emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that are a major contributor to ground-level ozone (smog). Original version - June 2019. Assume we want to calculate the vapor pressure of water in 86F86\ \degree\mathrm{F}86F (30C30\ \degree\mathrm{C}30C). The density of petroleum diesel is about 0.85 kg/l about 1520% higher than the density of gasoline, which has a density of approximately 0.700.75 kg/l. Phase I was applicable to calendar years 1989 through 1991. mb in of HG mm HG. 9.6 Critical Pressure: Not pertinent 9.7 Specific Gravity: 0.80 at 15C (liquid) 9.8 Liquid Surface Tension: 23-32 dynes/cm = 0.023-0.032 N/m at 20C 9.9 Liquid Water Interfacial Tension: 47-49 dynes/cm = 0.047-0.049 N/m at 20C 9.10 Vapor (Gas) Specific Gravity: Not pertinent 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): Not pertinent Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have flash points between 38 and 66C (100 and 151F), close to that of off-the-shelf kerosene. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A The vapor pressure curve of water intersects the P = 1000 mmHg line at about 110C; this is therefore the boiling point of water at 1000 mmHg. The Engine Manufacturers Association, with approval from the United States Department of Energy, put out a recommended guideline designed to define the limitations of key physical properties for diesel fuel in order to maintain its newly improved quality level. Depending on the state and month, gasoline RVP was not to exceed 10.5 pounds per square inch (psi), 9.5 psi, or 9.0 psi. Fuel oil, [diesel], Last Updated Date : can be broadly compared with threshold limit values for pure hydrocarbon compounds. What is the relative density of diesel fuel? Diesel was once thought to a be dirty, low-quality fuel source, but increased standards and regulations caused the quality of diesel to improve dramatically. As of that date the sale of gasoline with an RVP of 7.8 psi was no longer required in Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Washington and Westmoreland Counties. is the boiling point in degrees Celsius and the pressure is in Torr. * Certain SIP-approved fuel programs do not provide for use of a 1.0 psi ethanol waiver under 40 CFR 1090.215(b). EPA transferred the relevant 40 CFR part 80 provisions into a new set of regulations in 40 CFR part 1090. [2], All liquids have a specific vapor pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature and is subject to Boyle's Law. about 0.85 kg/l Standard test methods are written and controlled by a number of national and international committees and organizations. The ash content of diesel fuel should be no more than 0.01 per cent. The flash point of a material is the "lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off vapours in a quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture". Just type in the temperature, and the pressure will appear in no time - don't hesitate. EPA published a final rule on April 7, 2017 (82 FR 16932) that removed Ohios rule that required the sale of 7.8 psi RVP gasoline in Butler, Clark, Clermont, Greene, Hamilton, Miami, Montgomery and Warren Counties. At this point, there are as many molecules leaving the liquid and entering the gas phase as there are molecules leaving the gas phase and entering the liquid phase. The Antoine equation is derived from the ClausiusClapeyron relation (the one we used in our boiling point calculator). Distillation measures the temperature range at which a fuel either becomes volatile or becomes a vapour. Number 1 fuel oil is essentially kerosine. Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Paulding, and Rockdale, Georgia (the Atlanta RVP Area). 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. [3] In open cup devices, the sample is contained in an open cup which is heated and, at intervals, a flame brought over the surface. Fluid Name: Temp. Vapor or saturation pressure depends on temperature. Standards for June l to September 15 are maximum standards for all regulated parties including retailers and wholesale purchaser-consumers, unless the state has an extended summer ozone season as part of the federally-approved SIP (e.g., Arizona, Eastern Texas). 360 - 385. Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. A high ash content leads to plugging and injection system wear. 23858 (August 30, 2004) (codified at 40 CFR part 81). The vapour pressure of diesel should be 0 kPa. Metal 3D printing has rapidly emerged as a key technology in modern design and manufacturing, so its critical educational institutions include it in their curricula to avoid leaving students at a disadvantage as they enter the workforce. In this work, a novel concept that applies the principle of the auto-cascade refrigeration cycle to store cold energy is . 56,694 (Nov. 6, 1991) (codified at 40 CFR part 81). As you can notice, the Antoine equation is reasonably accurate for higher temperatures, but the low ones are calculated with quite a big error. 7 What is the relative density of diesel fuel? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Methods for determining the flash point of a liquid are specified in many standards. Anyone know the vapor pressure of #1 diesel fuel at. The test methodology defines the apparatus required to carry out the measurement, key test parameters, the procedure for the operator or automated apparatus to follow, and the precision of the test method. Login. EPA has approved relaxation of the summer gasoline RVP standards for a number of states and areas, including: Grant Parish, Louisiana; Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. subject to the federal 7.8 psi RVP standard; required to sell federal reformulated gasoline (RFG); required to sell California RFG (i.e., the entire state of California); and. The vessel temperature was increased from 250C to 280C wile keeping the volume from part the same. What is the total volume (mL) of the vessel? Better now? Determination of flash point by the Small Scale closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D3828 and D3278, EN ISO 3679 and 3680, and IP 523 and 524. B The vertical line corresponding to 250C intersects the vapor pressure curve of mercury at P 75 mmHg. We can solve vapor pressure problems in either of two ways: by using Equation 13.6.1 to calculate the actual vapor pressure above a solution of a nonvolatile solute, or by using Equation 13.6.4 to calculate the decrease in vapor pressure caused by a specified amount of a nonvolatile solute. Nat. 12/28/2020, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance, 68334-30-5; 68476-30-2; 68476-31-3; 68476-34-6; 77650-28-3. I like it better on the conservative side of things. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. (See 85 FR 78412.) Metal 3D printing has rapidly emerged as a key technology in modern design and manufacturing, so its critical educational institutions include it in their curricula to avoid leaving students at a disadvantage as they enter the workforce. And at 20 deg C water will have 2.34 KPa as vapour pressure. Contact Dermatitis 34(5): 309-315, 1996. Yet both Jet B and JP-4 have flash points between 23 and 1C (9 and 30F). Pipelines, Piping and Fluid Mechanics engineering Forum, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding With 3D Printed Molds, Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing. 4.08245: 1346.382-53.508: Gaw and Swinton, 1968: Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's . Diesel was once thought to a be dirty, low-quality fuel source, but increased standards and regulations caused the quality of diesel to improve dramatically. Thanks. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Learn methods and guidelines for using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed molds in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time. The boiling point at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia, 1 bar absolute) for some common fluids and gases can be found from the . All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details. You can also use another equation, called the Goff-Gratch formula, but as it's more complicated (and approximately as accurate as the Buck formula), we didn't implement it in our vapor pressure of water calculator. As of June 7, 2017, no counties in Tennessee are subject to the 7.8 psi federal volatility standard. Volatility is the property of a liquid fuel that defines its evaporation characteristics. Water at 100 deg C will have a vapour pressure of 1 atm. Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S. territories are exempted from federal volatility regulations. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. EPA issued a final rule on September 1, 2015 (80 FR 52627) that removed the Georgia gasoline program that covered a 45-county Atlanta area from the States approved SIP. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. in the hundreds is certainly likely to exceed the odour threshold and this is consistent with common experience in the handling of diesel. By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. The Stage II system controls the release of VOC, benzene and toxics emitted from gasoline. 100 deg F = 0.022. That table has been replaced by regulatory text that explains that summer gasoline (e.g., gasoline that is sold to consumers between June 1st and September 15th) must meet a maximum per-gallon RVP limit of 9.0 psi unless it is required to meet a lower RVP limit. : Acute renal failure after immersion in seawater polluted by diesel oil. Data sources: Most metals use the fits from C.B. The equilibrium - in other words, steady state - between evaporation and condensation occurs when: the rate of evaporation of the liquid = Rate of condensation of the gas. Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. We don't save this data. P2 is the partial pressure of the liquid at T2. List of Vapor Pressure Values. Vapor pressure does not blend linearly with . The vapor pressure of water is crucial for life forms on Earth, as its value is high enough to allow for the process of evaporation but low enough to also allow for the existence of liquid and solid water. Miami, Tampa and Jacksonville, Florida; Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. No odour threshold appears to have been established for cetane. The rule was effective on publication. Additional information about RFG can be found on the. Give it a go! Air is compressed until it heats above the autoignition temperature of the fuel, which is then injected as a high-pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within flammable limits. : Acne and folliculitis due to diesel oil. Li, F.K., Vip, P.S., Chan, K.W., Chan, T.M. CEN/TR 15138 Guide to Flash Point Testing and ISO TR 29662 Guidance for Flash Point Testing cover the key aspects of flash point testing. Poof! The effective date of the rule is January 22, 2019. See Air Quality Designations and Classifications; 56 Fed. Temperature. The vapour pressure of water is the pressure exerted by molecules of water vapor in gaseous form (whether pure or in a mixture with other gases such as air). Vapor pressure definition, Vapor pressure of water calculator - how to use, One for describing the vapor pressure curve. Its odour threshold is 5 p.p.m. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Accelerated stability tests for the stability of diesel fuel under normal storage conditions, and unstable fuels darken and create gum residues. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. There are two types of closed cup testers: non-equilibrial, such as Pensky-Martens, where the vapours above the liquid are not in temperature equilibrium with the liquid, and equilibrial, such as Small Scale (commonly known as Setaflash), where the vapours are deemed to be in temperature equilibrium with the liquid. Additional detailed information on areas where federal RFG is required can be found on the Reformulated Gasoline webpage. EPA published a final rule on July 2, 2015 (80 FR 38284) that relaxed the 7.8 psi federal RVP standard in Jefferson and Shelby counties. A higher flash point means a fuel only becomes volatile at a high temperature. What is the relative density of diesel fuel? The vapour pressure of diesel should be 0 kPa. Use one of the popular approximations, e.g., Antoine formula. The calculation concerning the vapor pressure of diesel below: We first note that a p.p.m. Note that a closed container is required, as otherwise, the molecules in the gas phase will fly away. To find the vapor pressure of water: No, vapor pressure can't be zero when the temperature is above absolute zero. The pour point for diesel fuel rests at 10 degrees Fahrenheit or -12 degrees Celsius. EPA also set the RVP standard at 7.8 psi for the Denver, Colorado 1997ozone nonattainment area that was designated as nonattainment for ozone in an April 30, 2004, notice designating areas pursuant to CAA section 107(d)(1). Alcock, V.P. As of October 16, 2015, no North Carolina counties are subject to the 7.8 psi federal volatility standard. It's a semi-empirical formula describing the association between vapor pressure and temperature. Example 1. The relative density of diesel should be between 31 and 40. RVP is an abbreviation for Reid vapor pressure, a common measure of and generic term for gasoline volatility. Nashville (Middle Tennessee Area); The fuel is mixed with air within its flammable limits and heated by compression and subject to Boyle's Law above its flash point, then ignited by the spark plug. Boiling point : 177 - 371 C (350 - 700 F) Flash point : 38 - 82 C (100 - 180 F) Auto-ignition temperature : > 260 C (500 F) Decomposition temperature : No data available Flammability (solid, gas) : No data available Vapor pressure : 1 mm Hg @ 20 C (68 F) Relative vapor density at 20 C : > 5 (Air = 1) We can cautiously compare diesel with n-dodecane in these terms as this has a vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg, a value typical of a diesel. EPA published a final rule on June 7, 2017 (82FR 26354) that relaxed the 7.8 psi federal RVP standard in Davidson, Rutherford, Sumner, Williamson, and Wilson Counties. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Fischer, T. and Bjarnason, B.: Sensitizing and irritant properties of 3 environmental classes of diesel oil and their indicator dyes. Under ordinary circumstances, diesel fuel appears clear and remains free of water and other sediments. These states include Maine, New York, Texas and Vermont. 6 What is the vapor pressure at 25 degrees Celsius? Number one diesel usually has greater volatility than number two diesel, and therefore has a lower distillation. When these data were not available or unreliable (e.g. Is it Soluble in Water. A straw yellow to dark colored liquid with a petroleum-like odor. Additional detailed information on areas where a SIP-approved state fuel rule applies can be found on the State Fuels webpage. The absolute vapour pressure of a liquid occurs at 37.8 degrees Celsius or 37.8 degrees Celsius. Designations and exact boundaries of the ozone nonattainment areas subject to the 7.8 psi RVP standard were published in the November 6, 1991, notice that designated areas pursuant to CAA section 107(d)(4)(A)(ii). 8 What is the vapour pressure of cetane diesel? Have a look at this handy vapor pressure for water table to find the pressure for different temperatures quickly: Two formulas have a version for vapor pressure of water over ice (so for temperatures below 0C0\ \degree\mathrm{C}0C). The relative density of diesel should be between 31 and 40. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. For gasoline, vapor pressure is important for both performance and environmental reasons. Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members! The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. 4D fuels tend to be used in low-speed engines. - 343. The relative density of fuel, sometimes called the API specific gravity, refers to the amount of fuel per unit. This is the pressure, in psi (pounds per square inch) or kPa (kiloPascals), necessary to keep a liquid from vaporizing when at 100 F (37.8 C). Temperature and Vapor or Saturation Pressure for some common Fluids At atmospheric pressure saturation temperature of water : 100 oC (212 oF) ethyl alcohol : 78.5 oC (173 oF) Liquids - Vapor Pressure Approximate vapor pressure for temperatures in the range 20 oC - 25 oC (68 oF - 77 oF). I ran a simulation on a mixture and got the following: For a 10 pis RVP, the true VP was 5.2 psia at 20 C and 33 psia at 80C. We can cautiously compare diesel with n-dodecane in these terms as this has a vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg, a value typical of a diesel. Acetaldehyde: 20: 0.295: 0.788: 105: Acetaldehyde: 30: 0.275: 0 . The vapor pressure of water calculator found the pressure according to five formulas. Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members! The value of 530 p.p.m. The relative density of fuel, sometimes called the API specific gravity, refers to the amount of fuel per unit. Join your peers on the Internet's largest technical engineering professional community.It's easy to join and it's free. In states that have received a waiver under Clean Air Act 211(c)(4)(C) to adopt a state fuel program, more stringent than federal requirements, into the federally-approved State Implementation Plan (SIP) the state fuel program may define a volatility level and compliance date for refiners and/or terminals different than the compliance date for retailers. Understanding pressure effects. Phase II is applicable to 1992 and later calendar years. As of October 21, 2019, no Georgia counties are subject to the federal 7.8 psi volatility standard. To find the vapor pressure at a given temperature, use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation: ln(P1/P2) = (Hvap/R)((1/T2) (1/T1)). The auto-cascade refrigeration cycle is a good alternative. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 23.8 What is the vapour pressure of cetane diesel? We empower you to efficiently solve each new challenge and make your life better and easier. At lower temperatures, fewer molecules have sufficient energy. 4.2 Flammable Limits in Air: 0.9%-6.0% 4.3 Fire Extinguishing Agents: Foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical . Reg. Diesel is suitable for use in a compression-ignition engine. Diesel is suitable for use in a compression-ignition engine. Vapor pressure: 2.17 mmHg Flash point: 125F Vapor density: Specific gravity: 0.841 at 60.8F . Lubricity refers to a fluid's ability to minimise friction between two surfaces in motion with each other. Standards for June 1to September 15 are maximum per-gallon standards for all regulated parties including retailers and wholesale purchaser-consumers, unless the state has an extended summer ozone season as part of the federally-approved SIP (e.g., Arizona, Eastern Texas). EPA established a two-phase reduction in summertime commercial gasoline volatility. I need to know a typical reid vapour pressure for diesel, I fear that such a number doesnt exist from a quick literature search. Explain Distinction between Free Radical Reaction and Polar Reaction. Now as you know what vapor pressure is and you heard about different vapor pressure formulas, it's high time for a practical demonstration. 303. EPA regulates the vapor pressure of gasoline sold at retail stations during the summer ozone season (June 1 to September 15) to reduce evaporative emissions from gasoline that contribute to ground-level ozone and diminish the effects of ozone-related health problems. Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. Close this window and log in. Volatility is the property of a liquid fuel that defines its evaporation characteristics. The most often used is the Antoine equation (4.232kPa4.232\ \mathrm{kPa}4.232kPa), but the Buck formula (4.245kPa4.245\ \mathrm{kPa}4.245kPa) is usually the most accurate one for temperature ranges we typically look for. Already a member? Milton Beychok(Contact me at www.air-dispersion.com). The final reported test results shall be computed by use of the following formula: (a) For light-duty vehicles and light duty trucks: Where: (1) Y WM = Weighted mass emissions of each pollutant, i.e., THC, CO, THCE, NMHC, NMHCE, CH 4, NO X, or CO 2, in grams per vehicle mile. Beauregard, Calcasieu, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lafourche, Orleans, Pointe Coupee, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. James, and St. Mary Parishes Louisiana; The disadvantages of hydrostatic transmission, How to calculate superheat and subcooling, Turbo Direct Injection Club: Engine Manufacturers Association Recommended Guideline on Diesel Fuel, Diesel Fuels: Physical Properties of Diesel Fuels, U.S. Department of Energy: Alternative and Advanced Fuels, U.S. Department of Energy: Properties of Fuels. Depending on the state and month, gasoline RVP may not exceed 9.0 psi or 7.8 psi. 22.5 - 24. C: Kinematic Viscosity Centistokes: Density kg / litre: Vapour Pressure kPa. The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure.For water, the vapor pressure reaches the standard sea level atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg at 100C. Thus at room temperature, the substance with the lowest boiling point will have the highest vapor pressure (easiest to get into the gas phase). That for cetane is less than 1 mm mercury, yet another 'plus' for cetane. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The list of areas subject to the federal 7.8 psi RVP limit appears below: Denver-Boulder-Greeley-Ft. Collins-Loveland, Adams Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, Jefferson, Larimer,1 Weld2, Clackamas (only the Air Quality Maintenance Area), Multnomah (only the Air Quality Maintenance Area), Washington (only the Air Quality Maintenance Area), Marion (only the Salem Area Transportation Study), Polk (only the Salem Area Transportation Study). Sorry, forgot to note its a Reid vapor pressure. The vapor pressure will be relatively low for substances with stronger intermolecular forces. Whether you need to fix, build, create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the problems life throws at you. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Jet fuel flash points also vary with the composition of the fuel. Lowe earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Huntington University. A certain concentration of a flammable or combustible vapor is necessary to sustain combustion in air, the lower flammable limit, and that concentration is specific to each flammable or combustible liquid. Figures 7.1-13b, 7.1-14b, 7.1-15 and 7.1-16 provide equations for calculating the vapor pressure of crude oil and . temperature of a liquid increases (TT\uparrowT) kinetic energy of its molecules increases (EkE_{\mathrm{k}}\uparrowEk) number of molecules transitioning into a vapor increases vapor pressure increases (PP\uparrowP). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Login. 100 mg/m (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2007], NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - That for cetane is less than 1 mm mercury, yet another plus for cetane. Depending on the state and month, gasoline RVP was not to exceed 10.5 pounds per square inch (psi), 9.5 psi, or 9.0 psi. The Tetens equation works well for 0C0\ \degree\mathrm{C}0C - 50C50\ \degree\mathrm{C}50C range, but Buck beats all of them for every checked value. 1That portion of Larimer County, CO that lies south of a line described as follows: Beginning at a point on Larimer Countys eastern boundary and Weld Countys western boundary intersected by 40 degrees, 42 minutes, and 47.1 seconds north latitude, proceed west to a point defined by the intersection of 40 degrees, 42 minutes, 47.1 seconds north latitude and 105 degrees, 29 minutes, and 40.0 seconds west longitude, thence proceed south on 105 degrees, 29 minutes, 40.0 seconds west longitude to the intersection with 40 degrees, 33 minutes and 17.4 seconds north latitude, thence proceed west on 40 degrees, 33 minutes, 17.4 seconds north latitude until this line intersects Larimer Countys western boundary and Grand Countys eastern boundary.
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