Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution, invasion of allied British and Soviet troops, nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran Exile, 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini, Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, Liberal and reform movements within Islam, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, 1979 Iranian Constitutional Convention election, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, anti-Israeli Islamist militant groups since, The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution, Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Importance of Islamic Government, Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas, Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why Islamic Government has not been established, "IRAN ii. [27] In addition to these, the Iranian Revolution sought the spread of Shia Islam across the Middle East through the ideological tenets of Khomeinism particularly as a means of uprooting the region's status quo, which favoured Sunni Islam. Middle class Iranians could afford to buy their own apartment and travel abroad. The situation in Iran, and in the Middle East in general is something that those people do not deserve to be experiencing. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. There the two signed an agreement for a draft constitution that would be "Islamic and democratic". In 1953, following the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry by the democratically elected prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh, American and British forces instituted a highly effective embargo of Iranian oil, and covertly destabilized the legislature and helped return control to their ally, Pahlavi. [226] Between January 1980 and June 1981, when Bani-Sadr was impeached, at least 900 executions took place,[227] for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups. [208], In June 1979 the Freedom Movement released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. [308] During these decades, women became active in formerly male domains such as the parliament, the cabinet, armed forces, legal professions, and fields of science and technology. [34][36] It also suffered from some basic functional failures that brought economic bottlenecks, shortages, and inflation. You have a great share in our Islamic movement. [116] Nevertheless, the government reported at least 12 opposition deaths. This alarmed many of Iran's neighbours, particularly Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia as well as Western nations dependent on Middle Eastern oil for their energy needs. [6][14][100], By late October, a nationwide general strike was declared, with workers in virtually all major industries walking off their jobs, most damagingly in the oil industry and the print media. The hostage crisis ended with the signing of the Algiers Accords in Algeria on 19 January 1981. [115] In addition, it was the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, bringing a sense of increased religiosity among many people.[109]. Sextus Empiricus asserts in his Outlines of Scepticism (written circa C.E. They led to a chasm between the monarchy and powerful Muslim clerics -- among them the popular Ayatollah Khomeini -- and would eventually lead to the Islamic Revolution of 1979. [266] Relations between the two countries became improved after Vladimir Putin took office in 2000 and increasingly warmer in recent years following an international backlash over the annexation of Crimea in 2014 which led to sanctions by the Western powers. Scholar Guity Nashat highlights this neglected aspect of the revolution, "Although women's participation in the events leading to the 11 February revolution was instrumental in its success, most studies have not addressed the reasons for their involvement or their contribution. ", Away from public view, Khomeini developed the ideology of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) as government, that Muslimsin fact everyonerequired "guardianship," in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists. [322] GDP per capita (PPP) has grown from $4,295 in 1980 to $11,396 in 2010. [219] Among the casualties of the hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages. [172] There were groups as varied as the Fida'iyan-i Khalq, and the Mujahedin were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the Shah's regime. [111], The speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the Shah and "smelled blood". [287][288][289] Many religious minorities such as Christians, Bahs, Jews and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979. For the video game based on the events, see, Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978, Iranian 20 Rials coin monument of 3rd anniversary of Iranian Revolution, Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet, Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared. Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, defeated local rebellions and consolidated power. Pre-Revolution Before 1979 Iran: An Overview Iran: World War I & World War II 1953 Coup & Shah of Iran Explore exciting information about the 1953 Coup, Shah of Iran, U.S. involvement and events leading to the 1979 Revolution. "[174] He also said that, "women from all levels of society took part in the recent demonstrations, which we are calling the 'referendum of the streets' women fought side by side with men in the struggle for their independence and their liberty. [278] Others claim the devastating IranIraq War "mortally wounded the ideal of spreading the Islamic revolution,"[185] or that the Islamic Republic's pursuit of an ideological rather than a "nationalist, pragmatic" foreign policy has weakened Iran's "place as a great regional power". The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the pastthe intelligentsia and the urban working class. These reforms were welcomed by those who felt oppressed by religious dictates, but were resoundingly rejected by the more traditional elements of Iran, who saw them as a threat to Islamic cultural values and identity. The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards westernization,[60] and it was a way for him to legitimize the Pahlavi dynasty. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. Ultimately only the Lebanese Islamists succeeded. [111], On 2 December 1978, the Muharram protests began. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became the head of the Council in 2005, succeeding Khatami; Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has oversight over the Council. Although I dont agree with the Islamic country because they dont give their women rights, but I understand it because it is their religion. Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath, ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported. Some women of high-ranking positions were even forced to step down because of these new laws.11Rights of women have improved slightly since then but they still are not like what they used to be. Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran's close cooperation with Israel and its capitulations, or extension of diplomatic immunity, to American government personnel in Iran. [9][101][132] Street marches declined and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels. Black Tents of Baluchistan , 2000 . [41], The revolution that substituted the monarchy of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi with Islam and Khomeini is credited in part to the spread of the Shi'a version of the Islamic revival. [135], The protesters demanded that Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi step down from power and that Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini be returned from exile. Soon large crowds took to the streets, building barricades and supporting the rebels, while Islamic-Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support. [156][157], Some sources (such as Emadeddin Baghi, a researcher at the Martyrs Foundation) claim 2,781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 197879 during the Revolution. "Iran jumped overnight from the Muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535. [178] Many Western educated upper-middle-class women from secular, urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working-class and rural backgrounds. Rulers often dislike the US and their policies, it was cool to see how Pahlavi tried to change things for women, making them almost equal to men, they could divorce as well as had access to birth control. [117][139], Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. [48] The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of Mirza Hasan Shirazi's fatwa (judicial decree). [9][101][111], By August, the protests had "kick[ed]into high gear,"[121] and the number of demonstrators mushroomed to hundreds of thousands. The Shah hoped that Khomeini would be cut off from the mosques of Najaf and be cut off from the protest movement. Yes, they did many positive things, especially in regards to modernization and the rights of women, but the last Shah was also a dictator who had his political enemies thrown in prison, tortured, and even executed. From 1941 to 1979, Iran was ruled by King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah. Corrections? In the decades before the Islamic revolution of 1979, Iran was ruled by the Shah, whose dictatorship repressed dissent and restricted political freedoms. Will the royal family finally be able to return to their home? This gave women the right to divorce on the same grounds as men, and both had to go in court for divorce. [122][14][109][142], [T]hrough the guardianship [Velayat] that I have from the holy lawgiver [the Prophet], I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. One student was reportedly lynched, and according to a British correspondent, the campus was left looking like an `a combat zone.` The next day, Hezbollahis ransacked left-wing student offices at Shiraz University. All Iranians want change, it is time for change. Many Iranians were also angered by the fact that the Shah's family was the foremost beneficiary of the income generated by oil, and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred. Apr 3, 2019. Khomeini returned from exile that February and replaced the secular government with a theocracy ruled by Islamic religious leaders. [308] Women also asserted themselves in the arts, literature, education, and politics. The event became known to foreign observers as "The Day Tehran Burned. Iranian Culture Pre-Islamic Revolution By: Gabriel Godwin, Miranda Clark, Courtney Hurtn, Zehra Quadr sports men at the age of 24 participated in these sports the popular sports were wrestling, skiing, polo, and soccer. [313] During the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a faux same-sex wedding occurred between two young men with ties to the royal court, which became a source of shame and outrage for some citizens and was utilized by Islamists as further evidence of the "immoral" monarchy. His royal duties would be carried out by a Regency Council, and three months after his departure a referendum would be submitted to the people deciding on whether Iran would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [111][134] He apologized for mistakes that were committed during his reign, and promised to ensure that corruption would no longer exist. Backround [47] On October 31, oil workers also went on strike, bringing the oil industry to a halt. An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime. "As the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by Islam, Iranians were not only excluded from the festivities, some were starving. Khomeini immediately blamed the Shah and SAVAK for setting the fire, and,[9][101][124] due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere, the public also blamed the Shah for starting the fire, despite the government's insistence that they were uninvolved. Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran&oldid=1134266979, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2011, Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from July 2011, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2011, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing Persian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 20:43. But in little more than a generation, Iran had changed from a traditional, conservative, and rural society to one that was industrial, modern, and urban. Reza Shah and his son, Mohammed Reza Shah, the leaders of the Pahlavi regime, were trying to introduce modernity into Iran, as Ataturk did in Turkey. Supporting the protests from beyond Iran's borders, he proclaimed that "freedom and liberation from the bonds of imperialism" was imminent. [114] Increasingly, Khomeini called on the soldiers of the armed forces to defect to the opposition. Learn More Women In Iran Learn about women in Iran before and after 1979 Learn More Iranian Culture This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 07:16. [14] Students in the University instructor program, for example, "were required to be practicing Muslims, to declare their loyalty to the doctrine of the vice regency of the faqih. The military leadership was increasingly paralyzed by indecision, and rank-and-file soldiers were demoralized, having been forced to confront demonstrators while prohibited from using their own weapons (and being condemned by the Shah if they did). Homosexuality has a long history in pre-modern Iran. [122], The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers,[111] but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes. "[138] The marches were led by Ayatollah Taleghani and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi, thus symbolizing the "unity" of the secular and religious opposition. [296] Population growth was first encouraged, but discouraged after 1988. "[150] When asked by a reporter how he felt returning to his home country after a long exile, Khomeini replied "Nothing". This article was well written. [9][14][20][101][109][112][124] Additional clashes throughout the day, which would be called Black Friday by the opposition, brought the opposition death toll to 89.[6][115]. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression. [10], After shutting down the universities on 12 June 1980,[11] Khomeini issued a letter, stating:[citation needed]. Pardis MAHDAVI - Iran's Youth Movement in Context (Annabelle is going to contact her to see if we can negotiate a revision as she is refusing at the moment) 3. Sign up to receive ShareAmerica updates. Shariatmadari immediately made a public announcement declaring his support for a "constitutional government," and a return to the policies of the 1906 Constitution. He established a constitutional monarchy, deposing the last Qajar Shah, Ahmed Shah, in 1925 and being designated monarch by the National Assembly, to be known thenceforth as Reza Shah, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. They started producing TV programs that came to Iran secretly on videotapes with a delay of several months. Hussein was confident that with Iraq's armed forces being well-equipped with new technology and with high morale would enjoy a decisive strategic advantage against an Iranian military that had recently had much of its command officers purged following the Revolution. The ouster of Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, formally marked the end of Iran's historical monarchy.[5]. "[65] Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources. The revolution resulted in an unprecedented opening for Iranian women into politics (mostly through demonstrations and voting),[179] and some authors argue that this had a lasting impact on Iranian women's political participation and role in the public sphere. [46], At the end of the 19th century, the Shi'a clergy (ulama) had a significant influence on Iranian society. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by Zionists," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. In May 1979, the Furqan Group (Guruh-i Furqan) assassinated an important lieutenant of Khomeini, Morteza Motahhari. It signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition.
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