Born in the Netherlands in 1909, Frederick Franck began his career as an oral surgeon before moving more seriously to his artist pursuits in the 1930s. Question:Contemporaries who agreed with francks argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? One of these bombs could then destroy something like 3 square miles of an urban area. For the ascription of moral responsibility, what is necessary is that alternate possibilities have some role to play in whatever conditions we devise to determine who is responsible and who is not, and why. Again, S fails to satisfy PAP(s) and the twin world condition, and so is not morally responsible for E, even though E is a good thing to have done in this case. Professor Franck Rjwala is an educational platform, in which you get many information related to homework and studies. His dreams of a certain amount of land for each person have been realized to a point in American suburbs, but many of these bedroom communities lack the amenities on which Wright would have insisted. PAP(s) is, however, not vulnerable to Frankfurts counter-example, as I shall now demonstrate. Yet, in the twin world condition, the role played by alternate possibilities is not one of being available to S, such that he could have done other than he did on a particular occasion (as required by PAP(s) and W2), because, of course, they are not available. Both architects had utopian, all-encompassing plans for their ideal American city, combining social as well as architectural ideas. (1954) and S.J.d. Then, underline twice the verb in parentheses that agrees in number with the collective noun. Unless an effective international control of nuclear explosives is instituted, a race for nuclear armaments is certain to ensue following the first revelation of our possession of nuclear weapons to the world. Libertarianism and Frankfurts attack on the principle of alternative possibilities. Young, G. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example. Enough to make our 1st order desire free, but is it enough to explain responsibility. The Role of History in Franck's Fairness931 20 Ibid, at 86. Despite the intricacies of some of these continuing debates, focus remains on PAP as a necessary condition for moral responsibility. Whatever E happens to be, it is congruent across the different worlds within each respective scenario: E is congruent across W1 and W2 within scenario 1 and congruent across W1 and W2 within scenario 2. He can place his "infernal machines" in advance in all our major cities and explode them simultaneously, thus destroying a major part of our industry and a large part of our population, aggregated in densely populated metropolitan districts. If no choice of targets, with a total area of five hundred square miles of American territory, contains a large enough fraction of the nation's industry and population to make their destruction a crippling blow to the nation's war potential and its ability to defend itself, then the attack will not pay, and may not be undertaken. The attitude of American public opinion, mentioned earlier, in the matter of the use of poison gas against Japan, shows that one can expect the American public to understand that it is sometimes desirable to keep a weapon in readiness for use only in extreme emergency; and as soon as the potentialities of nuclear weapons are revealed to the American people, one can be sure that they will support all attempts to make the use of such weapons impossible. I follow this with a discussion on how PAP(s) is able to withstand the challenge set by Frankfurt-style scenarios, before moving on to consider a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility. Whatever Joness initial preferences and inclinations, then, Black will have his way. In stating that S could have done otherwise, I am endorsing the view (much as I take Frankfurt to have done when formulating PAP) that: It is possible for S to do otherwise insofar as S is both physically and mentally capable of doing otherwise (including being aware of alternate possibilities that he/she (hereafter he) is able to select/perform). What is Kane's "Indeterministic worlds" objection to the FF case? In J. Jordan, & D. Howard-Snyder (Eds. In the following sentences, circle the word that each underlined participial phrase modifies and draw an arrow from the participial phrase to the word it modifies. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80(2), 440446. Given mutual trust and willingness on all sides to give up a certain part of their sovereign rights, by admitting international control of certain phases of national economy, the control could be exercised (alternatively or simultaneously) on two different levels. Production of nuclear explosives begins with the processing of large quantities of uranium in large isotope separation plants or huge production piles. It is typeset bySheridan Journal Services, Waterbury, VT, and printed byThe Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA. The key aspect of this solution he termed autostrades, elevated motorways 16 feet (4.8 meters) above the pedestrian domain on the ground. Russia and China are the only great nations at present which could survive a nuclear attack. The events in this chart that took place in 1933 led to which of the following in Germany. Fischer, J. M., & Ravizza, M. (1991). This theory also proposes that the psyche comprises three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. If no efficient international agreement is achieved, the race for nuclear armaments will be on in earnest not later than the morning after our first demonstration of the existence of nuclear weapons. Supporters of the bombings generally believe that they prevented an invasion of the Japanese mainland, saving more lives than they took by doing so. The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. Leon, F., & Tognazzini, N. A. We believe that these considerations make the use of nuclear bombs for an early unannounced attack against Japan inadvisable. If this is the case, then we are in a position that is ultimately no different to the original formulation of PAP in which it is necessary that the subject could have done otherwise. Neither Le Corbusier nor Frank Lloyd Wright could truly be said to have won the argument played out in the 1930s newspaper, as both got some ideas right and many wrong. Focusing on organic growth, Wright sees it as the natural next step for humanity to remove itself from busy city life based on (what he saw as) likely future innovations in transportation. "He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.". Scientists have often before been accused of providing new weapons for the mutual destruction of nations, instead of improving their well-being. For the ascription of moral responsibility, it is my contention that it is not necessary that S could have done otherwise, as required by PAP in its original formulation. Third parties shift voters' attention away from major-party candidates. Instead, the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition is more subjunctive, insofar as what is described is a possibility rather than an actuality. Explain why the objections doesn't seem to work. An agent is morally responsible for performing a given act A only if he or she could have done otherwise. In fact, if the race for nuclear armaments is allowed to develop, the only apparent way in which our country can be protected from the paralyzing effects of a sudden attack is by dispersal of those industries which are essential for our war effort and dispersal of the populations of our major metropolitan cities. This might be all the time we would have to bring about the relocation of our population and industry. Most arguments for God's existence start from something we observe in the world that logically infer God as the cause of these observable effects (e.g. Thus, from the "optimistic" point of view -- looking forward to an international agreement on the prevention of nuclear warfare -- the military advantages and the saving of American lives achieved by the sudden use of atomic bombs against Japan may be outweighed by the ensuing loss of confidence and by a wave of horror and repulsion sweeping over the rest of the world and perhaps even dividing public opinion at home. It is true that some irrational element in mass psychology makes gas poison more revolting than blasting by explosives, even though gas warfare is in no way more "inhuman" than the war of bombs and bullets. Frankfurt/Watson need a principled distinction here. What I have argued is that there is nothing to be gained, in terms of moral instruction, by insisting on PAP as a necessary condition for moral accountability. They observed that a radioactive atom releases a huge burst of energy when it is split. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80(3), 551565. All present plans for the organization of research, scientific and industrial development, and publication in the field of nucleonics are conditioned by the political and military climate in which one expects those plans to be carried out. In R. Kane (Ed. Which claim is best supported by the evidence included in these maps-, Nationalistic movements influenced the borders in Europe at the end of World War I, The Balkans were referred to as the' "Powder keg of Europe" in the period before WWI because of their-, Blamed jews for Germany's loss of World War I, The Nuremberg Laws were written in order to, What is an immediate result of these laws enacted by the Nazi Party--, German Jews were stripped of personal liberties and property rights, Between which two years did the number of collective farms increase the most, Which of the following events was a result of the policy illustrated in the chart-, Which claim can best be supported by this passage-, New technology made warfare more destructive, Which of the following is a result of the historical trend present in the passage-, What implications is the author trying to make in the excerpt-, the Japanese militaristic culture fostered a dehumanization Chinese civilians lives, Which best helps explain the passage in its broader historical context-, The consequences of total war tactics on civilian populations, The example of mass atrocity and genocide introduced in the passage is most similar to which of the following examples, The allied forces firebombing of German cities like Hamburg or Dresden killing thousands, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. ProStarSolar > Blog Classic > Uncategorized > contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nucleartechnology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy."James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United Statesgovernment, 194518) Which of the following developments during the Second World War Germany, he argued, bore the main share of responsibility for the outbreak of the war. Correspondence to What is a second-order wanton? "For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent.". Atomic bombs containing a larger quantity of active material but still weighing less than one ton may be expected to be available within ten years which could destroy over ten square miles of a city. In the original Frankfurt paper, Jones is written as Jones4, owing the fact that at previous points in his paper, Frankfurt had discussed other versions of Jones (Jones 13). In: J. E. Tomberlin (Ed. 24 The Empowered Self, at 265-267. In 1906, Wendell T. Bush became associated with the Journal as co-editor. In 1906, Wendell T. Bush became associated with the Journal as co-editor. His music was heavily influenced by Liszt and Wagner, as in his Symphony in D minor, one of his most famous . Jones is incapable of making a decision that differs from what Black wants him to decide, and subsequently is incapable of doing other than what Black wants him to do. From this point of view, a demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all the United Nations, on the desert or a barren island. What is collective representation? the concept of the Congress representing the collective constituency of the whole country When Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier Had a Public Argument in The New York Times, All rights reserved. Every attempt to impede the international control agencies would have to be considered equivalent to denunciation of the agreement. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem- The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. Overall, Ralph Waldo claims that the true basis for self-reliance is connection between an individual and nature (which is also his inner voice) which is important for a that individuals intellectual, aesthetic, and moral health and development. One might even say that the presence of a counterfactual intervener means that the environment does not enable alternate possibilities; so (b) is not satisfied. Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). Google Scholar. Ultimately, they would argue that only through collective action and cooperation can we ensure global peace and security in the nuclear age. It is not necessary because, where alternate possibilities are not available (as in, a Frankfurt-style scenario akin to W1), and therefore S could not have done otherwise on a given occasion, one can still ascribe moral responsibility through an enforcement of the twin world condition. B 7388). Harry Frankfurt's description of the distinctly human quality of forming desires about their desires, opinions about their opinions. Perebooms Frankfurt case and derivative culpability. It requires study by statesmen and international lawyers, and we can offer only some preliminary suggestions for such a study. Thomas M. Franck Murry and Ida Becker Professor of Law Emeritus Professor Franck graduated from the University of British Columbia with a b.a. In 2005, world leaders formally adopted the Responsibility to Protect [R2P]the duty to intervene in when national governments fail to fulfill their r s the chief of staff. He decided to do this without the intervention of Black, and so made this decision oblivious to the fact that he could not have decided nor done other than he did. the leaders of organizations within the Executive Office of the President. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2. Further thoughts about a Frankfurt-style argument. Writing that American skyscrapers have yet to earn the title of architecture, but are merely small objects such as statuettes or knick-knacks, magnified to titanic proportion, Le Corbusier proposes his plan for the skyscraper. FF: brainwasher AND cultman are both FULLY responsible, Why is whole-heartedness problematic for our intuitions about FW. The manner in which alternate possibilities are presented differs, though, within each of the sufficient conditions discussed. 22 Ibid, at 124, 126-127. Opponents contend, among other arguments, that the bombings were unnecessary to win the war or that they constituted a war crime or genocide. Once this is achieved, the large installations and the accumulation of explosive material at present earmarked for potential military use will become available for important peacetime developments, including power production, large engineering undertakings, and mass production of radioactive materials. However, unspoken among the delegates was the knowledge that George Washington would become the first president , and they trusted him to define the office. 119137). Finally, the twin world condition allows another aspect of the debate over the Frankfurt-style counter-examples to be side-stepped: namely, whether the sign used as an indicator of an impending decision which the counterfactual interveners uses as a marker of whether to intervene or not is sufficiently robust to count as evidence of an alternate possibility (Elzein 2013; Pereboom 2009). The answer is that even though the largest now known deposits of uranium ores are under the control of powers which belong to the "western" group (Canada, Belgium and British India), the old deposits in Czechoslovakia are outside this sphere. We therefore feel it is our duty to urge that the political problems, arising from the mastering of nuclear power, be recognized in all their gravity, and that appropriate steps be taken for their study and the preparation of necessary decisions. It is 980 too many. With the convenience of modern transportation and future innovations to come, Wright asks why proximity to the city is important. FF: if he identifies, is wholeheartedly committed, it doesn't matter where it came from. Not three months later came Frank Lloyd Wrights rebuttal. ), Philosophical perspectives, 14, Action and Freedom: A Supplement to Nos, (pp. The achievement of such an agreement will thus essentially depend on the integrity of intentions and readiness to sacrifice the necessary fraction of one's own sovereignty, by all the parties to the agreement. Art for Art's Sake is basically a call for release from the tyranny of meaning and purpose. Pereboom, D. (2000). It is undoubtedly true that the discovery of flying, for example, has so far brought much more misery than enjoyment and profit to humanity. Philosophia England, France and the smaller nations of the European continent, with their congeries of people and industries would be in a particularly desperate situation in the face of such a threat. If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first demonstration, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. It may be very difficult to persuade the world that a nation which was capable of secretly preparing and suddenly releasing a new weapon, as indiscriminately as the rocket bomb and a thousand times more destructive, is to be trusted in its proclaimed desire of having such weapons abolished by international agreement. The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan might provoke the Soviet Union into becoming Japan's ally. Despite such objections, educators have continued to find Pedagogy of the Oppressed relevant and to adapt its arguments to their contemporary context. In the war to which such an armaments race is likely to lead, the United States, with its agglomeration of population and industry in comparatively few metropolitan districts, will be at a disadvantage compared to nations whose populations and industry are scattered over large areas. Another argument which could be quoted in favor of using atomic bombs as soon as they are available is that so much taxpayers' money has been invested in these Projects that the Congress and the American public will demand a return for their money. We cannot simply say that S is morally responsible because he decided to do E and then did E (hereafter, doing E includes deciding to do E). What are they supposed to show, according to Dennett? posi 95110). Where S is coerced into doing E, for example, we would not want to say that S is morally responsible, especially where the coercion is such that it eliminates all morally acceptable alternatives. 13. In other words, there is nothing to be lost in terms of our commitment to understanding the conditions for moral accountability by treating PAP as a sufficient condition, but much to be gained: for not only is PAP(s) impervious to Frankfurt-style counter-examples (as noted) but, perhaps more importantly, it opens up debate on what other factors are likewise sufficient for moral responsibility as the Frankfurt-style scenarios seem to indicate and which, if any, is necessary. The Journal of Philosophy was founded in 1904 as The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods by Frederick J. E. Woodbridge and J. McKeen Cattell. But if you look at their . This is something that one can assess through the twin world condition in the absence of the current availability of alternative possibilities, and therefore even when it is not possible for S to have done other than he did on a given occasion. In the absence of an international authority which would make all resort to force in international conflicts impossible, nations could still be diverted from a path which must lead to total mutual destruction, by a specific international agreement barring a nuclear armaments race. The principle of alternate possibilities and ought implies can.. [18] Ginet, C., & Palmer, D. (2010). British scientists know as much as we do about the basic wartime progress of nucleonics -- if not of the specific processes used in our engineering developments -- and the role which French nuclear physicists have played in the pre-war development of this field, plus their occasional contact with our Projects, will enable them to catch up rapidly, at least as far as basic scientific discoveries are concerned. What is the "flickers of freedom objection?" 21 Fairness, at 110. Part of Springer Nature. McKenna, M. (2005). The Founders resolved the tension . In the scenario above, involving Jones and the counterfactual intervener, Black or even in similar Frankfurt-style scenarios arguably clauses (a) and (b) are violated. (2010). Standingathomeplate\underline{\text{Standing at home plate}}Standingathomeplate, Jesus\boxed{\text{Jess}}Jesus faced the pitcher. We have invented the machine and it should be liberating our minds and our leisure hours. The Federalist was originally planned to be a series of essays for publication in New York City newspapers, but ultimately expanded into a collection of 85 essays, which were published as two volumes in March and May 1788. Third parties help bridge the gap between state and federal legislators. ), Philosophical perspectives, 14, Action and Freedom: A Supplement to Nos, (pp. As a role for alternate possibilities is necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility, and as different forms of this role are inherent within the two sufficient conditions described above, what is necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility is that one of these aforementioned sufficient conditions is satisfied. b) In both (1) and (2), S is morally responsible for E in W2 because, within each scenario, S satisfies PAP(s) in W2; and, as we have seen, PAP(s) provides sufficient justification for the ascription of moral responsibility. Neither architect lived to see their vision come true, but both were right about some aspects of their future, todays present. We now consider the question of how an effective international control of nuclear armaments can be achieved. The superego operates both unconsciously and . The Journal of Philosophywas founded in 1904 asThe Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methodsby Frederick J. E. Woodbridge and J. McKeen Cattell. Within ten years other countries may have nuclear bombs, each of which, weighing less than a ton, could destroy an urban area of more than ten square miles. 20) Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Dennett's Luther Argument ("character examples"). The team usually (donates, donate) their old uniforms to a group of disadvantaged youth. In addition, I provide a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility the twin world condition and argue that this provides a means of justifying why the protagonist in Frankfurt-style scenarios (e.g., Jones) is still felt to be morally responsible. But this is not a necessary one; although, where satisfied, it is sufficient for the ascription of moral responsibility, as I have discussed. Whether this would have been the case is evidenced by the congruence (or lack thereof) between E in W1 and W2. positions that the constituents of several representatives hold in common. A person that can only act on strongest desire at the time. In Russia, too, the basic facts and implications of nuclear power were well understood in 1940, and the experience of Russian scientists in nuclear research is entirely sufficient to enable them to retrace our steps within a few years, even if we should make every attempt to conceal them. 25 D. Held, Models of Democracy (1996), at 353, where he makes the important distinction between forms of accountability in general and democracy in particular, which is both a form of accountability and a form June 14, 2022 . Stump, E. (1996). Typically, we want to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones because he decided to carry out an act that, let us say, we judge to be morally reprehensible. joe turner's come and gone audiobook Tuesday, June 14th, 2022 fleming's chocolate gooey butter cake recipe nostratic language examples meadow glens elementary school report card Philosophia 44, 961969 (2016). (I focused on the second version). In short, where the conditions inherent within both PAP(s) and Frankfurts original PAP are met namely, clauses (a) and (b) then PAP(s), as a maxim for moral accountability, is as effective as PAP at ascribing moral responsibility. From a progressive modernist's point of view, it was a further exercise of freedom. He then sets out, using his now famous counter-example involving Jones and Black, to show that PAP is false. In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nucleonics may become a boon for the peacetime development of national economy. What is the point of the cult-man objection? Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs? Why, according to Kane, does this example fail to show what Dennett thinks it shows? Connect to Locke's argument about the prisoner. Can you cite any examples where R2P has been or should be implemented? The twin world condition also avoids getting bogged down in the debate over whether the relationship between the sign and the decision is indicative of determinism or is indeterminate (Ginet and Palmer 2010; Robinson 2012; Shabo 2011). This is supposed to show that even if we think we have alternative possibilities, we don't actually. I conclude with the claim that neither the amended PAP nor the twin world condition is necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility; rather, what is necessary is simply that one of these conditions is satisfied. Such an agreement would also create a system of verification and disarmament that would prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and reduce the risk of nuclear war. The id is entirely unconscious, while the ego operates in the conscious mind. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. For those unfamiliar with Frankfurts original and much cited counter-example to PAP, it reads as follows: Suppose someone Black, let us say wants Jones to perform a certain action. To illustrate: In twin world scenarios, all must be equal apart from the one thing that distinguishes each world from the other which, in this case, is the presence or absence of alternate possibilities. In conclusion, I aim to have shown that by positioning the principle of alternate possibilities as a sufficient condition for the ascription of moral responsibility, rather than as necessary, PAP(s) amounts to as useful a maxim as PAP for determining moral accountability. Modified Frankfurt-type counterexamples and flickers of freedom. Why is this a problem for Frankfurt (and Watson?). Question 10. This means that, ceteris paribus, what S would have done in W2 is what S would do in W1 in the absence of intervention, otherwise the coherence of the twin world scenario falls apart. The best possible atmosphere for the achievement of an international agreement could be achieved if America could say to the world, "You see what sort of a weapon we had but did not use.
