Andrea Prinzi, Ph.D., MPH, SM(ASCP) is an infectious disease medical science liaison and works to bridge the gap between clinical diagnostics and clinical practice. Answer (1 of 3): It's the normal bacteria present in the upper respiratory tract They are perfectly normal in a healthy individual and can cause problems only in immuno-compromised individuals. Orphan diseases dont receive much research. There, it is placed in a special dish (culture). Copy. Rare lung diseases include: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) results in low blood levels of AAT, a protein made by your liver. ; The primary site of colonization of the organism is the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal tract. In normal healthy individual LRT is sterile. Normal flora can be found in many sites of the human body including the skin (especially the moist areas, such as the groin and between the toes), respiratory tract (particularly the nose), urinary tract, and the digestive tract (primarily the mouth and the colon). Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria with thick cell walls. Riordan T. (2007). To get a Klebsiella infection, a person must be exposed to the bacteria. You may want to join a support group for people with your rare respiratory disease. A phenomenon of the lungs whereby, unlike other tissues (which undergo vascular dilation during times of hypoxia to increase boood perfusion), the blood vessels constrict during times of local hypoxia to direct blood (and therefore oxygen) from poorly ventilated area of lung to well ventilated area of lung. Specimens from other sources, such as genital, stool, urine, upper and lower respiratory specimens, cannot be cultured with this test. resident or nonpathogenic micro-organisms, specifically bacteria, that constitute what is known as the normal flora of the throat. Microorganisms are trapped in mucus lining of respiratory tract and downward flow of mucus to nasopharynx into mouth and it is swallowed or spitted out. Privacy Policy sets forth the information we collect about you, how we use Patients are at most at risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the first 48 hours after an endotracheal tube has been placed. "Mixed flora" is a commonly returned result yielding not in either indication for therapy or identification of potential causative organisms. BklynProf 11 months ago. The first morning specimen is most concentrated and is less likely to be contaminated with saliva and nasopharyngeal secretions. 2009). Cpr In Pregnancy 2017 Guidelines, Car Service City Claremont, Twinkle Twinkle Little . Hiddou, A., Zemmrani, Y., Ahroui, Y., & Soraa, N. (2017). [Full Text]. for >20% of VAP cases, 50% of which are caused by MRSA. included, but also others ( Arcanobacterium, Rothia mucilaginosa). 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However, some transient flora are present. Policy. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Beryllium disease: Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) results in lung inflammation. Not everyone qualifies for a lung transplant or matches with a donor. Unfortunately, there are more people in need than there are donors. Isolation and identification methods of Rothia species in oral cavities. "Mixed flora" is a commonly returned result yielding not in either indication for therapy or identification of potential causative organisms. Providers also treat CF with: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a type of incurable pulmonary hypertension. Many rare respiratory diseases are due to genetic factors, but sometimes the cause is unknown. Though no cure exists, medications can help relieve symptoms. For example, Klebsiella must enter the respiratory (breathing) tract to cause pneumoniae, or the blood to cause a bloodstream infection. A normal Gram stain of sputum contains polymorphonuclear leukocytes, alveolar macrophages, and a few squamous epithelial cells. These are bacteria lacking cell-wall, hence cant be classified based on Gram staining (but stains pink). You might have yellow or greenish discharge from your nose. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Normal flora, if disrupted, can multiply and turn into pathogens that cause infection. . Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. The Gram stain involves applying a sample from the infected area onto a glass . Follow your health care provider's instructions on how to prepare for bronchoscopy. sanguinis). In healthcare settings, Klebsiella bacteria can be spread through person-to-person contact (for example, from patient to patient via the contaminated . Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. 3. Many providers may not recognize rare lung diseases. As these secretions pool in the oropharynx, bacteria that live in the respiratory tract can begin to accumulate along the endotracheal tube. If the patient aspirates these bacteria, they may cause infection within the lungs. All modern humans are classified into the species Homo sapiens, coined by Carl Linnaeus in his 1735 work Systema Naturae. Getting the right treatment and support for your disease can lead to a longer, healthier life. Small cell carcinoma (small cell lung cancer) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces antimicrobial substances . It does not become a disease, but rather becomes an infection. Explore lung, breathing and allergy disorders, treatments, tests and prevention services provided by the Cleveland Clinic Respiratory Institute. A lung transplant may stop the disease. A. meyeri, A. israelii, A. turicensis are common species reported from the oropharynx region. Though researchers continue to study new treatments, lung transplant surgery is often a patients best treatment option. Sterility is important for culture results. Lower respiratory tract: Group A streptococcus It does not become a disease, but rath. sims 4 ghetto neighborhood. Cough, dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness, chest heaviness, chest pain, gasping, snoring, stridor, sputum production, heartburn, hemoptysis, fever, ca ) italian sausage and ground beef recipes . what does few normal respiratory flora mean / Uncategorized / what does few normal respiratory flora mean For example, some of these microorganisms provide vitamins that the body cannot . A 73-year-old male asked: 0/250. The cause of NSIP is unknown. Lactobacilli help to keep the vagina healthy by producing lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and other substances that inhibit the growth of yeast and other unwanted organisms. A., & Kumamoto, C. A. Common bacteria likely to cause pneumonias include: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis. The American Society for Microbiology 44 Suppl 2:S27-72. 2 0 obj are the most abundant anaerobic species in adult nasal microbiota. Most of the time, these microbes reside peacefully within the host and are beneficial in a variety of ways ("mutualism"). what does few normal respiratory flora mean. Sputum culture is used to diagnose pneumonia, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, or pulmonary abscess. The effect P. aeruginosa has on an intubated patient will differ depending on serotype: The pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa is very complex, and the organism uses several mechanisms to adhere to living and nonliving surfaces. and respiratory systems. Golden Boy Promotions Address, websites owned and operated by ASM ("ASM Web Sites") and other sources. Chapter 30. 2023 Microbe Notes. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Your provider will tell you more about this, after taking into account a lot of information to determine if treatment is needed. Normal flora of Respiratory tract. The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, though researchers suspect genes and environmental factors. %PDF-1.5 Though there is no cure for CF, airway clearance therapy manual physical therapy or a device that helps clear the mucus can help manage symptoms. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. For Clinicians. "Mixed upper respiratory tract flora" is normal and does not usually need treatment. Since the primary reason for obtaining a sputum culture in a patient with pneumonia is to sample the lower respiratory tract, you should first verify that the sputum was "adequate" by reviewing the gram stain. The causes of rare pulmonary diseases also include: Rare pulmonary disease symptoms vary from person to person, depending upon the disease. - part of normal upper respiratory tract flora and not thought to be causes of lower respiratory tract disease - most laboratories would not report because therapy is not indicated Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) - usually a pathogen, but can occasionally be detected in well normal hosts Mycoplasma pneumoniae what does few normal respiratory flora mean what does few normal respiratory flora mean. Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive group A cocci that can cause pyogenic infections (pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, erysipelas), . Why are rare lung diseases often called orphan lung diseases? 1752 N St. NW Serotypes O1 and O2 are less common and are associated with higher mortality. A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (www.urac.org). (1996). Medscape Education, Challenging Case in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease: Going the Distance for Your Patient, 20021941994-overviewDiseases & Conditions, encoded search term (Sputum Culture) and Sputum Culture, Tobramycin Tames Infection in Bronchiectasis, Mysterious Outbreak of Bilateral Pneumonia in Northern Argentina, Increasing and More Commonly Refractory Mycobacterium Avium Pulmonary Disease, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Gram stain result Normal oropharyngeal flora include anaerobic (eg, Peptostreptococcus) and aerobic species (eg, viridans streptococci). Respiratory diseases can affect people of all ages and ethnicities. Your provider will tell you what to expect during bronchoscopy. Gene mutations (changes) lead to LAM. To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Medication (sirolimus, an immune-suppressing drug). The group can provide emotional support and help you find effective coping strategies. The small colony variants, which include Streptococcus milleri group, form the normal flora in the mouth cavity and gastrointestinal and urinary tracts of human beings, but are also capable of causing serious infections. There are no cures for rare pulmonary diseases. Bacterial flora plays an important role in host health in a variety of tissues and organ systems such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital system, as well as the respiratory system.1 The upper airway of healthy horses contains many bacteria, including a variety of aerobic and anaerobic species. Click to see full answer. Your Microbiome, Your Health, Broadening the Microbiome: Fungi in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ( 1.10) . The makeup of the normal flora may be influenced by various factors, including genetics, age, sex, stress, nutrition and diet of the individual. Sensitivities were lower, at 0.45, 0.67, and 0.61, respectively. Answer (1 of 3): The body is loaded with good and bad bacteria. alphanumeric grid world map; artpace curatorial residency; ralph garza jr matt garza; mcdonald's induction training; islay self catering luxury; importance of being detail oriented; distance from reno to sacramento; How Many Rounds In Boxing In 1800s, There, it is placed in a special dish (culture). Learn how we can help. To learn more, please visit our. A wide range of disorders can affect your lungs. Most of the time, these microbes reside peacefully within the host and are beneficial in a variety of ways ("mutualism"). The procedure may find the following things, such as: Abnormal culture results usually indicate a respiratory infection. Normal respiratory flora include Neisseria catarrhalis, Candida albicans, diphtheroids, . Best to see an allergist to determine the cause and to help you prevent complications e.g. Jun 8, 2022. If you log out, you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit. israelii, a gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli, and is considered part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. This restricts blood flow and raises blood pressure in your lungs. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus species may also be part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, but they are also more likely to be pathogenic. V. cholerae is commonly categorized into two serotypes: O1 and O139, and non-O1/ non-O139 V. cholerae (Ottaviani et al. A respiratory rate is the number of breaths you take per minute while at rest. If your symptoms continue, see a respiratory provider or pulmonologist (lung doctor). Nasal sinus is sterile and the nasal secretion contains lysozyme that kills viruses and gram positive bacteria. This removes secretions and oral plaque, which may contaminate the sample. Ask respiratory therapy personnel to assist the patient in obtaining an aerosol-induced specimen if the cough is not productive. URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003748.htm. The normal flora of humans are exceedingly complex and consist of more than 200 species of bacteria. what does few normal respiratory flora mean. The large colony . (31) 3351-3382 | 3351-3272 | 3351-3141 | 3351-3371. pharmacy technician lab coats associe-se. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) causes lung inflammation that can lead to permanent scarring. 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Immunology,144,333342. Diagnostic bronchoscopy: basic techniques. June 7, 2022 bye my irresistible love novel . Uncategorized; ar global healthcare trust dividend. visual studio failed to push some refs to. Gaetti-Jardim, E., Jr, Zelante, F., & Avila-Campos, M. J. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How Klebsiella bacteria are spread. Some rare lung diseases, such as PAH, are no longer considered orphan diseases after researchers and providers give them more attention. P. acidifaciens and P. propionicus are other species of normal nasal flora in a low proportion of people. Poc temps desprs van decidir unir els dos webs sota el nom de Xarxa Catal, el conjunt de pgines que oferirien de franc sries doblades i/o subtitulades en catal. what does routine respiratory flora moderate growth meancan i make pizzelles in a waffle maker?can i make pizzelles in a waffle maker? These are infections that cause symptoms like a cough or a runny nose. Rare lung diseases impact your breathing and tend to worsen over time. The significance of the presence of this organism in culture will rely heavily on the clinical picture, other diagnostic testing and predominance in culture. Babies are born with disease-causing changes encoded in their genes. However, it occurs regularly on the surfaces of plants and . what does routine respiratory flora moderate growth mean. But you can reduce your risk of developing some pulmonary diseases by: If you have a family member with rare lung diseases that may be inherited, talk to your provider about genetic counseling. Mean concentrations 12 hours after dosing with 250, 500, or 750 mg are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mcg/mL, respectively. Mycoplasma is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract but is often involved in some RTIS. what does few normal respiratory flora mean. microbiota) of the human body has been an area of increasing interest in both research and the popular media. Available from: Normal flora: Introduction, types, beneficial and harmful effects (universe84a.com), Normal Human Microbiota Definition, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is an infection of both your nasal cavity and sinuses. Approximately 25% of children between 3 months and 4 years of age are colonized, and 5-10%% of older and younger people. An etiology for CAP was identified in >95% of patients who provided a high-quality sputum at, or soon after, the time of admission. As a term, "coryneform ("club-shaped") bacteria" is sometimes used to denote a wide range of Gram-positive rods based on staining characteristics and DNA content (specific G/C ratios). Others, such as PAP, are more prevalent in men. https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMjExOTIzMi1vdmVydmlldw==. Facultatively anaerobic (some strict anaerobic), Subadh Chandra Parija. Category: medical health infectious diseases. The genus Prevotella in cystic fibrosis airways. In: Leslie KO, Wick MR, eds. It is normally present in the nasopharynx and oropharynx. Als nostres webs oferimOne Piece,Doctor Who,Torchwood, El Detectiu ConaniSlam Dunkdoblats en catal. n>10,000 cfu/ml normal upper respiratory flora present no squamous epithelial cells seen? what does few normal respiratory flora mean. The most common staphylococcal infections are. Porphyromonas an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Rothia mucilaginosa an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. An example of normal flora becoming an . It is a normal flora of the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and female reproductive tract. Shift in flora suggestive of bacterial vaginosis. Vaneechoutte, M., Verschraegen, G., Claeys, G., Weise, B., & Van den Abeele, A. M. (1990). sheet metal workers medicare supplement provider . We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. mutans and Strep mitis found in the normal flora of the oropharynx commonly cause dental carries and subacute bacterial endocarditis (Strep. Corticosteroids can help you manage symptoms. This resident flora produces antigens that . The presence of normal flora does not rule out infection. 10/02/2022 by 21 queen street charleston, sc . Enterococci E. corrodens is found in the oral and nasopharynx region. When a rare respiratory disease (like CF) has a genetic cause, it may first appear in a baby. Refrigerate the container until processing takes place. Bacterial competition for human nasal cavity colonization: role of Staphylococcal agr alleles. rare gram negative rods Bronchoscopic culture is a laboratory exam to check a piece of tissue or fluid from the lungs for infection-causing germs. Medical experts have identified hundreds of rare lung diseases, also called rare respiratory or pulmonary diseases. Gut microbiota encompasses the set of microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract with mutual relationships that are key for host homeostasis. Summary. M. catarrhalis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract in the pharynx. Sakr, A., Brgeon, F., Mge, J. L., Rolain, J. M., & Blin, O. 1 thank. Savolainen, S., Ylikoski, J., & Jousimies-Somer, H. (1986). Toggle navigation. Vuga LJ, Aggarwal NR, Reineck LA, Kalantari R, et al. A normal Gram stain of sputum contains polymorphonuclear leukocytes, alveolar macrophages, and a few squamous epithelial cells. Next: Interpretation. is associated with respiratory health in the elderly population: a case control study. These results are often seen in urinary tract infections. Best Answer. They are normal flora of the mouth and respiratory tract. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis causes nodules (granulomas) to form in your lungs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of the GammaProteobacteria class of Bacteria. It should be noted on the requisition as being aerosol induced. The bacterial flora of the nasal cavity in healthy young men. Besides, they have also been isolated from other areas of the body like the hepatic sites, upper respiratory . Most of these diseases have no cure. 1 0 obj The presence of normal upper respiratory tract flora should be expected in sputum culture. Understanding that a single organism may be either normal microbiota or a pathogen encourages the microbiologist and clinician to consider other key factors when making a VAP diagnosis such as which organisms constitute normal respiratory flora and what makes . Associate Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. The sample is sent to a laboratory. Obtaining an early-morning expectorated specimen is most desirable. But the average pulse rate is between 60 and 80 beats per min. They are normal aerobic microbiota of the oropharynx. Large quantities of bacteria colonize the surface of the respiratory mucosa of healthy people, of which the main groups are Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria [].Bacteria regulate the species and quantity through the quorum-sensing system and locally produced antimicrobial . 4 0 obj K. kingae is common bacteria in the nasopharynx of children. Growing S. pneumoniae from a culture of the oropharynx/nasopharynx is of no significance, but about 15% of children will develop clinical infections within one month of acquiring a new strain. We sought to determine whether mixed flora (MF) was in fact a . A procedure called bronchoscopy is used to get a sample ( biopsy or brush) of lung tissue or fluid. Treating all organisms identified from respiratory tract cultures can lead to antibiotic overuse and encourage the development of antibiotic resistant organisms. indicates contamination with oropharyngeal flora making the specimen. <> Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. They account for more than 40% of Corynebacteria in the nose. 2019 Oct 1. Find out more here. Normal respiratory flora include Neisseria catarrhalis, Candida albicans, diphtheroids, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and some staphylococci. The bacteria and other microorganisms that normally inhabit a bodily organ or part: intestinal flora. McCarthy C, Lara Gallego B, Trapnell BC, McCormack FX. It is expected that one have "normal flora", or normal growth of typical bacteria. <>>> ZT@w 'TbNd |#*o=D-s*6oG58mX~QMQ#/5>0]~J `4=WZ6'cL.sJ#WK,;X8-X4=O){,\f 3XIiTT,ab}5 z2YmO Enterovirus Epstein-Barr virus Parainfluenza virus Reovirus Rhinovirus Streptococcus pyogenes. Copyright 1997-2023, A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited without authorization. what does few normal respiratory flora mean what does few normal respiratory flora mean. what does rare normal respiratory flora mean. Can persist for weeks to months at this site. Treatment is based on the results of the culture. Propionibacterium spp. Tamb oferim en VOSC el contingut d'aquestes sries que no es troba doblat, com les temporades de Doctor Who de la 7 en endavant, les OVA i els especials de One Piece i molt ms. The presence of normal upper respiratory tract flora should be expected in sputum culture. [Guideline] Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC. These specialists have expertise in diagnosing and treating pulmonary diseases. Three developmental changes in humans, weaning, the eruption of the teeth, and the onset and . The relationships between humans and bacteria are immensely complex. What does this mean many white blood cells per low power field (10 squamos epithelial cells per lower power field few normal oropharyngeal flora seen moderate gram negative rods seen read more Dr. B. A child who develops a viral upper respiratory tract infection while colonized may develop acute otitis media or sinusitis. They are present either throughout the life of for short period of time. European Lung White Book. Hoshi, S., Todokoro, D., & Sasaki, T. (2020). Normal respiratory flora, with or without viral coinfection, appear to have caused one quarter of cases of CAP and may have played a contributory role in an additional 10.8% of cases caused by RBPs. 2010. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 11e, Warren Levinson. davichi don t say goodbye ost drama; ukraine to russia flight time; what is vessel name flight Respiratory tracts includes both upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT). flora. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma-associatedProteobacteria, but not commensalPrevotellaspp., promoteToll-like receptor 2-independent lung inflammation and pathology. Respiratory Microbiota- Normal Flora of Respiratory Tract Normal respiratory flora, with or without viral coinfection, appear to have caused one quarter of cases of CAP and may have played a contributory role in an additional 10.8% of cases caused by RBPs. [7]. G. morbillorum and G. sanguinis are commensal in oropharynx region. The client should be instructed to avoid adding saliva or nasopharyngeal secretions to the sputum sample. Normal Respiratory Microbiota in Health and Disease, 2023. S. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. what time does green dot post tax refunds; lea funeral home facebook; parker county sheriff election 2021. how it really happened jfk jr; que significa entendido en la biblia; used mobile home dealers in missouri; kimchi recipe with gochujang paste; werewolf mod sims 4 nyx. Respiratory tracts includes both upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT). | Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. 2022 lowrider magazine owner, a what does rare normal respiratory flora mean, pinewood forest apartments greensboro, nc, How Much Runecloth To Get Exalted With Darkspear Trolls. S. aureus is present in the nasal passages of about 30% of individuals. The counselor can help you learn about your risks and the risks of passing the condition on to your children. Normal respiratory flora include Neisseria catarrhalis, Candida albicans, diphtheroids, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and some staphylococci. These specimens are not easily collected without introducing contamination from adjacent areas. It is . The common bacterial pathogens are most commonly derived from the endogenous flora, including Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus . what does few normal respiratory flora mean. (microbiologynote.com), The Normal Bacterial Flora of Humans (textbookofbacteriology.net), L. Bieber, G. Kahlmeter,Staphylococcus lugdunensis in several niches of the normal skin flora,Clinical Microbiology and Infection,Volume 16, Issue 4,2010,Pages 385-388,ISSN 1198-743X,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02813.x. You are here: greetham street parking; . For additional information visit Linking to and Using Content from MedlinePlus. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup). The makeup of the normal flora may be influenced by various factors, including genetics, age, sex, stress, nutrition and diet of the individual. ABRS sets in when your nasal cavity and sinuses first become inflamed from another cause, often a viral infection. stream The specimen often appears watery but is in fact material directly from alveolar spaces. Under the capsule, gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that protects them against certain antibiotics, such as penicillin. Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology. Is respiratory allergy one of the many reasons that can cause mild chest discomfort? Haemophilus Species. ]"LvR_9=Aq~ It is caused by bacteria. Munckhof et al. They wash one lung at a time with saline and feed the other lung with oxygen. They tend to be slow growing, and only rarely spread outside the lungs. Susceptibility If the patient is taking an antibiotic to which the bacteria are reported as resistant (R) or what does rare normal respiratory flora mean.
