what happened to silhouettes catalog

can you add power steering fluid without flushing

The answer to this question is no. This fluid is petroleum-based. Whether you add or flush the power steering fluid will depend on the condition of the existing fluid in the system. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. If yourpower steering fluidis low, you might be tempted to just top it off. The power steering fluid is essential to the proper functioning of a car's power steering. The average cost for power steering control module replacement is between $874 and $905. Its an electric assist steering rack, not hydraulic. For the most part, this is actually true. The low-pressure lines will run from the steering rack or gear back up to the power steering fluid reservoir. Power steering systems are engineered to make driving easier, as you've seen when you're able to turn the wheels on a 5,000-pound truck with one hand. This article was co-authored by Rocco Lovetere. Thanks a ton. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. This will help remove air from the lines. To avoid causing irreversible damage to your car (or ending up in an accident), make sure to properly maintain your car to keep your Expedition running for years to come. Also, it heats up and expands so, "The most helpful part was that all power steering fluid is the same and the engine should be off. Open end wrench set (for use with puller set). Is Penetrating Oil Flammable [High flammability Reason Answered], BMW Power Steering Fluid E46 Power Steering Fluid Guide, BMW Power Steering Fluid Type You Need Know Everything, Can You Drive a Car Without Power Steering Fluid. ", "Didn't know people did power steering flushes until I read this article. View on Amazon. The electronic steering lacks the road response and feel. In this video I show you my most favorite method of flushing power steering fluid which is sure to be yours too! ***FTC Disclaimer: I am an Amazon affiliate. 3. Stick a hose on rack line fitting to drain in a pan or bucket. on how to do this. Repeat the fluid swap procedure until you've used up the full quart. Debris or dirt may be responsible for the problem at hand. I use AMSOIL ATFQT. When it begins to fail, you may notice squealing noises or stiff steering. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Top 10 Best Power Steering Fluids 2023. Remove the fluid return hose at the power steering pump reservoir. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. It may wear out. As a result, your transmission should run cooler and receive maximum protection against wear to clutches, gears and bearings. 43K 2.6M views 4 years ago In this video I show you my most favorite method of flushing power steering fluid which is sure to be yours too! Lucas Power Steering Fluid contains conditioners, and solves the problem of figuring out what fluid to use. It is best to check your power steering fluid when the engine is cold. Figure 2. There are two ways you can flush your power steering system: There first method is to drain and refill the system. There are too many different types of fluid, and if the wrong fluid is used, it may cause failure of power steering and its seals. Take the cap off of the power steering pump reservoir, then start siphoning the fluid out and get into the catch can. However, electronics are subject to unanticipated failures. It does not store any personal data. The power-steering fluid may look darker than it actually is. I am trying my first time to flush the power steering fluid on my 2003 Infinity Q45. Siphon the old fluid from the reservoir and refill with new fluid. This EASY. Its a hot day and youre out for a drive when you notice your power steering is starting to act up. With this method you do not need to start the. What does it sound like when power steering fluid is low? He is an ASE Certified Automotive technician and has worked in automotive repair since 1999. Labor costs are estimated between $116 and $146 while parts are priced at $759. Simply put, power steering fluid is the fluid used in the power steering system to create a hydraulic link between the steering wheel and the front wheels, making it easier to turn. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/39\/Check-and-Add-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-1-Version-6.jpg\/v4-460px-Check-and-Add-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-1-Version-6.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/3\/39\/Check-and-Add-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-1-Version-6.jpg\/aid1060820-v4-728px-Check-and-Add-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-1-Version-6.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. On other cars, there are gradations on the dipstick or cylinder for both a "hot" level, after the engine has been running, and a "cold" level, after the engine has been off for a period of time. My last two vehicles both used Brake Fluid for their power steering, but both were cars. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Replacing the fluid is cheaper than having to replace either the power-steering pump or the rack and pinion. 19329450. First, warm the engine to a normal operating temperature. % of people told us that this article helped them. Start 'er up, roll forward turning the wheel and feel the new 'Creamy Cool Whip' resistance in your steering, and yer 'Good to Go'. I have been. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 4. There is no set lifespan for your cars power steering control unit. How Long Does It Take for Power Steering Fluid to Circulate? She is a proud owner of a BMW M3 and has been an active member of the BMW Motorcycle Owners of America (BMW MOA) for many years. However, overfilling power steering fluid can cause catastrophic issues such as; battery not charging, drive belt slippage, smoke from the engine bay, and in rare cases, it can cause fire outbreaks. By using this service, some information may be shared with YouTube. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. "I am a female senior citizen. Heat from the engine and surrounding environment will, over time, reduce the fluid's ability to do its job and cause wear and tear on the power-steering system components. This will help prevent air bubbles from forming in the system. Locate the power steering reservoir. If the fluid is below the "MIN" line, remove the cap (or leave the dipstick out) and add power steering fluid in small amounts, checking the level after each time. The power steering pump works by using hydraulic pressure to move a piston, which is attached to the steering gears that turn the tires. The tube needs to be long enough to reach into a catch can of some sort. This article has been viewed 478,147 times. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Simply siphon out the old and add fresh fluid. Mercon Vs Mercon V: Whats The Best Transmission Fluid? You do not have to be a mechanic to do this and it is inexpensive. The power steering system is a "closed system" so the fluid in the system should just stay in the system. Next, if your car needs more power steering fluid, pour some into the reservoir cylinder until it reaches the right fill level. In this case, several readers have written to tell us that this article was helpful to them, earning it our reader-approved status. ", How to Check and Add Power Steering Fluid, http://news.carjunky.com/car_maintenance/how-to-check-power-steering-fluid-cdh085.shtml, http://www.automd.com/40/how-to-check-power-steering-fluid/, revisar y poner fluido para el volante del auto, Hydraulikflssigkeit fr die Servolenkung prfen und nachfllen, vrifier et rajouter du liquide de direction assiste, Revisar e Completar o Fluido da Direo Hidrulica, Controllare e Aggiungere il Liquido del Servosterzo, , Memeriksa dan Menambah Oli Power Steering, Stuurbekrachtigingsvloeistof controleren en bijvullen, Jak zkontrolovat a doplnit kapalinu posilovae zen, . 2023 Toyota Sequoia TRD Pro: How Well Does the SUV Tow? This article has 11 testimonials from our readers, earning it our reader-approved status. Find your power steering fluid return line. not to overfill the fluid and to make sure I use what is approved for my car make and model. Thank you!". Brake fluid is a glycol (similar to ethylene glycol or antifreeze) while power steering fluid is an oil (a non-polar fluid). If the dipstick or reservoir level is between "MIN" and "MAX," you don't need to add fluid. This will help push out air bubbles as well as any old fluid thats still in the system. Put a funnel into a jug or bottle so you don't spill the fluid. Locate and remove the catch tray under your vehicles power steering system, if it has one. Engine parts are prone to wear We should fill up the power steering as the mark mentioned on the reservoir, or on the dipstick. If your, Read More Can You Drive a Car Without Power Steering FluidContinue. Its low, so you decide to add some.But as soon as you unscrew the cap, steam starts hissing out from under the hood. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. . Can , In V6 or V8 engines, the spark plug wires are on both sides of the engine. Itll also cause premature wear on the pump. You may need to replace only a single component, or the entire system. When you're done, close the container tightly. First off, you should know off that bat that your power steering fluid should be changed at about 30,000 mile intervals but check your owners manual to be sure of your make and model! Test-drive your vehicle to see if the noise has gone away. Listen to Your Pump. Locate the Reservoir & Pump. If the level is low, add more fluid until it reaches the full line on the reservoir. Reservoirs on many vehicles are the see-through plastic type, so you dont even have to remove a cap to check the level. Also check that the neutral safety switch or the shift linkage is in the proper position. Flushing power steering fluid refers to the process of circulating the fluid in an automobile's steering system in order to assure proper operation. ", how to fill my power steering fluid. The PS fluid on the 2016 is getting pretty nasty looking and the brakes and steering have been feeling pretty slow lately. Allow the system to drain completely, which may be a while due to the viscosity of power steering fluid. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. Use a vacuum port plug and cover the nipple left open when you removed the small hose from the reservoir. Loud steering: Steering shouldnt make sounds. The handle to the right is the air brake valve. If you notice a significant drop in the cylinder level, or have to add fluid frequently, you may have a leak somewhere in the power-steering system. Locate the Power Steering Fluid Reservoir Its usually a small, clear container with a black cap. If your fluid is dark or you are losing sleep worrying about your car, this simple procedure will refresh your fluid for the foreseeable future. The exact price will depend on the specific parts that are failing. Consider also: Your HB unit works in conjunction with your Brake system. How do I know if I overfilled my power steering fluid? A visit to the mechanic is necessarybut not as urgent as it is for drivers seeing symptoms. Next, locate a low-pressure line in your power steering system. Push a length of clear tubing into the small open hose. If not, drain the system again and refill it with fresh fluid. Be ready for the fluid to flow as soon as you unhook it. Assuming you would like a blog titled How to Drain Power Steering Fluid: Most modern cars have power steering, which uses hydraulic fluid to assist in turning the wheels. When your BMW is in SPORT mode, you can also configure individual settings that best suit your driving behaviors. There will be two hoses, one coming and the other going from the steering pump to the steering box or rack and pinion. If you see the power steering fluid symbol on your dashboard, it means that there is a problem with your power steering system. Power steering fluid can become dirty or low, which can cause the system to fail. Working on your disc brake is a dangerous task. The power steering fluid can last for a very long time, sometimes even while driving as much as 100k miles. Suck out all the dirty power steering fluid (engine off) as shown. ", "The step by step instructions were so easy to follow. Your Questions Answered. I am not responsible for any loss of life or limb or property. Locate the return line for the power steering fluid. Use the turkey baster method to remove the old power steering fluid. It only takes a few seconds for the fluid to travel from the pump through the system and back again.Thats why when you turn the wheel, youll feel an immediate difference in the amount of resistance. In this case, the car should be taken to a mechanic to see if any of the power-steering system parts need to be replaced, along with the fluid. This form of hydraulic fluid can be mineral oil, silicone, or glycol-ether-based. Replace the cap and start up your engine. The brake fluid is incompressible, having a very high boiling point, which makes it distinct. The power steering pump typically sits to one side of the engine and is driven by a belt. However, if the level of the power steering fluid leak is not examined timely, it can drain completely. Lucas' Power Steering Fluid has built in conditioners that provide smooth quiet operation, and helps to condition seals and o-rings to prevent minor leaks. There are DIYs for other models and I think it's time for one here. The cost of a power steering pump alone can be around 150-500. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Next, unscrew the cap on the power steering reservoir and pour in about half of the manufacturers recommended amount of power steering fluid. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. At slow speeds, power steering allows you to easily turn the big, heavy wheels on your car as long as you have enough steering fluid. Replacing power-steering fluid generally is not listed among the regular maintenance items that should be performed, so on most vehicles, replacing it is at the owners discretion. One of the more popular maintenance items to overlook is the inspection and flushing of your power steering system. More than 2 quarts if flushing the rack is desired. The pump should now be running quietly. How do I fill my BMW power steering fluid? He is also very knowledgeable in common automotive issues and needs including engine repair, battery replacement, and windshield accessory and maintenance. If you are extra car savvy, make sure you disconnect the line that goes from the power steering rack to the reservoir. The Reynolds number can be calculated by: Nr = 3160*GPM/CS*D. Where GPM = flushing fluid flow rate in gallons per minute. looking for a site like this for a while, and I will be using it for a lot more repairs. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/83\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/8\/83\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/5a\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/5a\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/54\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/54\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-6-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-6-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-6-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-6-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/25\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-7-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-7-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/25\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-7-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-7-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/30\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/3\/30\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/ee\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-9-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-9-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/ee\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-9-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-9-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/40\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/40\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e1\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/e1\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-12-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-12-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-12-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-12-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/2b\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-13-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-13-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/2b\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-13-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-13-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/11\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-14-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-14-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/11\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-14-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-14-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/d1\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-15-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-15-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/d\/d1\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-15-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-15-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/da\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-16-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-16-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/d\/da\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-16-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-16-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/75\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-17-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-17-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/75\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-17-Version-3.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-17-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-18-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-18-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-18-Version-2.jpg\/aid1390948-v4-728px-Flush-Power-Steering-Fluid-Step-18-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"