Define superordinate goals and explain how they help in increasing cooperation when there is conflict among individuals. Self-report measures can be affected by people's desire to state socially desirable attitudes. Based on your knowledge of social psychology, which phenomenon may have contributed to the errant putt? In Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. Gender stereotyping research that focused on social class has found that: a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. A. permanent The results of Crandall's studies on bulimia in sororities are consistent with which of the following statements? Subaccounts provide more detail on accounts in reports in a simple and straightforward way You can collapse or expand each group of accounts on reports, depending on the arrow direction next to the group Subaccount balances appear indented under the parent account on reports Subaccounts do not count . b. African Americans b. some traits are not uniformly applied to women in diverse ethnic groups. b. Based on research presented in the Want to create or adapt books like this? c. women, regardless of their ethnicity, are generally viewed as unpleasant. d. integrate schools. b. discriminating. a. a. QUICKBOOKSADVANCE EXAM SECTION 1. c. Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite. b. as comic or eccentric figures Give one example of a superordinate goal. Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995) tested the hypothesis that these differences might be due to the activation of negative stereotypes. D. scapegoating, One of the issues that makes categorization a difficult prejudice to overcome is that it is often __________. In one study assessing stereotypes, Stephanie Madon and her colleagues (Madon et al., 2001) presented U.S. college students with a list of 84 trait terms and asked them to indicate for which groups each trait seemed appropriate (Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students). On the affective side, stereotype threat creates stress as well as a variety of affective responses including anxiety (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008). Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. Content and application inaccuracy in social stereotyping. Out-group homogeneity effects in natural and minimal groups. Lines C and D were seen as the same length in the noncategorized condition, but line C was perceived as longer than line D when the lines were categorized into two groups. 349380). School Liberty University - Lynchburg, VA. Which of these four statements about self-report measures of attitude are correct? 1 We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. a. prejudice. a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. There are more sexual terms associated with males than with females. d. Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas. d. Native Americans. 1 The task difficulty was increased. Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male appearance. The bogus pipeline procedure suggests that people may frequently mask their negative beliefs in publicpeople express more prejudice when they are in the bogus pipeline than they do when they are asked the same questions more directly. . a. more favorably than older men At the last second, one of Reggie's teammates misses a shot that costs his team the game. The spending pattern of most elderly retirees shows an average decline in outflow during the latter part of retirement O Analysis of Social Security shows that In this case, categorization into two groupsthe short lines group and the long lines groupproduced a perceptual bias such that the two groups of lines were seen as more different than they really were. Which of the following statements concerning women's participation in sports is/are true? Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? c. 35 B. Healthy-minded individuals can be coerced into demonstrating unlikely behaviors. significance level. d. 94; 62, Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that: b. hostile sexism. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism? Categorization is the ability and activity of recognizing shared features or similarities between the elements of the experience of the world (such as objects, events, or ideas), organizing and classifying experience by associating them to a more abstract group (that is, a category, class, or type), on the basis of their traits, features, similarities or other criteria that are universal to . Psychological Review, 115(2), 336356. Once we begin to see the members of outgroups as more similar to each other than they actually are, it then becomes very easy to apply our stereotypes to the members of the groups without having to consider whether the characteristic is actually true of the particular individual. d. institutional racism. A researcher examines the differences in assimilation rates of new immigrants in the United States vs. Europe. This is an example of c. scapegoating Is your behavior fair or unfair to the people you are categorizing? Which of the following statements concerning defined-contribution plans that integrate with Social Security is correct? False. Our stereotypes influence not only our judgments of others but also our beliefs about ourselves, and even our own performance on important tasks. Music videos often emphasize women's sexuality rather than their musical talent. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). opacity oral histories presenter CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Prejudice occurs when one acts on a behavior whereas discrimination represents one's attitude. Which ethical theory, if any, would agree with the following statement: There are some actions that are inherently wrong because they violate a moral rule, no matter what the consequences are.. a. spotlighting. There are several pairs of terms for females and males that have the same objective meaning John is expressing his opinions, and Sarah is expressing hers. Furthermore, one half of the participants were told that when the presentation was over, they would be asked to remember which person had made which suggestion, whereas the other half of the participants were told merely to observe the interaction without attending to anything in particular. After the war, Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns. Adults tend to stereotype infants but not older children. b. Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes. Related Documents. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 335. Empty cart. (C) Policy dividends are an intentional return of a portion of the premiums paid. Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race? c. Middle Easterners are white and North Africans are nonwhite. d. Loyalty e. All of the above are. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. "Female professor receives prestigious grant." Which group has the highest rate of hypertension? Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are white. Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. Other activities can be carried out by either physicians or paramedics. b. African Americans Because our stereotypes are activated spontaneously when we think about members of different social groups, it is possible to use reaction-time measures to assess this activation and thus to learn about peoples stereotypes and prejudices. (1978). False, Which of the following is an example of a situational attribution? According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white? (2010). In several forms of media men are more likely than women to be depicted in work-related a. Dred Scott v. Sandford Imagine for a moment that two college students, John and Sarah, are talking at a table in the student union at your college or university. Which of the following statements concerning prejudice is not true? This overgeneralization makes it more likely that we will think about and treat all members of a group the same way. B. automatic b. Well-meaning comments are never insulting. Even today, there is good agreement about the stereotypes of members of many social groups, including men and women and a variety of ethnic groups. Effects of multiple task demands upon memory for information about social groups. c. racializing. c. have increased use of sexual imagery in recent years. b. benevolent sexism. 44; 22 d. The Japanese families' assimilation into U.S. society accelerated after the war. Do you think the cultural stereotypes about your group have ever influenced your performance on a task. attitude best reflects: a. transference. d. 75 percent, Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. d. 50. d. Because it is easy to classify people, category-based stereotypes are always accurate. Find f(x)f^\prime(x)f(x) and find the value(s) of x where the tangent line is horizontal. Because Asian students are aware of the stereotype that Asians are good at math, reminding them of this fact before they take a difficult math test can improve their performance on the test (Walton & Cohen, 2003). A. Eastern Europe. c. overrepresentation of female characters with both family and paid work responsibilities c. William Julius Wilson Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers. a. Northwestern Europe. And there is often good agreement about the stereotypes of social categories among the individuals within a given culture. Gender stereotyping research that focused on the ethnicity of the target found that: (2004). Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies. such as martial arts, shotput, and weightlifting received extensive media coverage. Polarized appraisals of out-group members. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith 1959 )? d. as successful and assertive. Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences. d. all of the above. d. laws granting relief from discrimination and segregation, beginning in the 1950s, Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century. d. discrimination, A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. 4 His remark is considered a collectivistic remark. Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds. All states have workers' compensation laws. c. "The average student does his homework every night." which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? d. benevolent sexism and hostile sexism. Sarah feels quite the contraryarguing that women have been the targets of sexism for many, many years and even now do not have the same access to high-paying jobs that men do. B. practicing discrimination Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. Jussim, L., Robustelli, S. L., & Cain, T. R. (2009). When White men cant do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. 1.1 Defining Social Psychology: History and Principles, 1.3 Conducting Research in Social Psychology, 2.3 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Cognition, 3.1 Moods and Emotions in Our Social Lives, 3.3 How to Feel Better: Coping With Negative Emotions, 3.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Affect, 4.3 The Social Self: The Role of the Social Situation, 4.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About the Self, 5.2 Changing Attitudes Through Persuasion, 5.3 Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior, 5.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion, 6.2 Inferring Dispositions Using Causal Attribution, 6.3 Individual and Cultural Differences in Person Perception, 6.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Person Perception, 7.3 Person, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Conformity, 7.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Conformity, 8.2 Close Relationships: Liking and Loving Over the Long Term, 8.3 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Liking and Loving, 9.1 Understanding Altruism: Self and Other Concerns, 9.2 The Role of Affect: Moods and Emotions, 9.3 How the Social Context Influences Helping, 9.5 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Altruism, 10.2 The Biological and Emotional Causes of Aggression, 10.3 The Violence Around Us: How the Social Situation Influences Aggression, 10.4 Personal and Cultural Influences on Aggression, 10.5 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Aggression, 11.2 Group Process: The Pluses and Minuses of Working Together, 11.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Groups, 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping, 12.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination, 13.1 Conflict, Cooperation, Morality, and Fairness, 13.2 How the Social Situation Creates Conflict: The Role of Social Dilemmas, 13.3 Strategies for Producing Cooperation, 13.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Cooperation and Competition. Perceiving outgroup members as unresponsive: Implications for approach-related emotions, intentions, and behavior. d. racialization. c. male as normative. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. Scientific American, 223, 96102. Stangor, C. (1995). d. When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they B. For instance, in one version of the IAT, participants are shown pictures of men and women and also shown words related to gender stereotypes (e.g., strong, leader, or powerful for men and nurturing, emotional, or weak for women). c. Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement. Which of the following is not true of Ann Hopkins' legal battle? The term psychologists use for how physically close two people are to each other is ________. Whites acknowledge they have privilege. Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A.-B. (2006). $23,550 provided by operating activities, c.$15,550 provided by operating activities, d. $42,400 provided by operating activities, e.$20,850 provided by operating activities. Why do U.S. taxpayers lose because of North Korea's counterfeiting? The social psychologist John Bargh once described stereotypes as cognitive monsters because their activation was so powerful and because the activated beliefs had such insidious influences on social judgment (Bargh, 1999). Although thinking about others in terms of their social category memberships has some potential benefits for the person who does the categorizing, categorizing others, rather than treating them as unique individuals with their own unique characteristics, has a wide variety of negative, and often very unfair, outcomes for those who are categorized. Yaacov Trope and Eric Thompson (1997) found that individuals addressed fewer questions to members of categories about which they had strong stereotypes (as if they already knew what these people were like) and that the questions they did ask were likely to confirm the stereotypes they already had. Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978) showed their research participants a slide and tape presentation of three male and three female college students who had supposedly participated in a discussion group. Generics express generalizations, but unlike quantified statements, generics do not carry information about how many members of the kind or category have the property. d. ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life. b. 1 point? Race and ethnicity are both forms of social categorization. Calibrating prejudice in milliseconds. Even 5-year-old children have learned cultural norms about the appropriate activities and behaviors for boys and girls and also have developed stereotypes about age, race, and physical attractiveness (Bigler & Liben, 2006). This is an example of c. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of covert racism. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Prejudice: Its social psychology. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. 1 It occurs without conscious awareness. Without power, the fish in the fish tanks at each store will die. As recently as 15 years ago, the few visible gay characters were usually portrayed negatively c. poverty Shortening the project by assigning more resources to one or more of the critical tasks is called "project crashing." (2005). See the answer. a. Of course, using social categories will only be informative to the extent that the stereotypes held by the individual about that category are accurate. What were the "black codes"? b. unintelligent If we believe that women are bad drivers and we see a woman driving poorly, then we tend to remember it, but when we see a woman who drives particularly well, we tend to forget it. b. d. African Americans, Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest? The preinduction physical examination given by the U.S. Army involves the following seven activities: These activities can be performed in any order, with two exceptions: Medical history must be taken first, and Exit medical evaluation is last. What is important is to reduce the self-concern that is engaged when we consider the relevant negative stereotypes. 4 "She did a good job because she's talented. d. white men, In 2016, what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty? Indeed, social categorization occurs so quickly that people may have difficulty not thinking about others in terms of their group memberships (see Figure 12.3). a. white men and women 2 It is deliberate and conscious. c. Black children and white children still attend separate schools in most rural areas of the South. In one of the experimental conditions, participants simply saw six lines, whereas in the other condition, the lines were systematically categorized into two groupsone comprising the three shorter lines and one comprising the three longer lines. Alex just made a situational attribution. The Integrity survey includes statements . Stereotypes are the beliefs associated with social categories. I start with some of the early challenges to the widely-employed philosophical method of casesthe very challenges that originally prompted the new movement of experimental philosophyand with some fundamental questions about the method that are yet to have been given satisfying answers. In Y. T. Lee, L. J. Jussim, & C. R. McCauley (Eds. d. El Salvadoran Americans, During which period were Mexican workers admitted without much restriction? The game is very close. b. It turns out that John does not think there should be a womens studies program at the college, and he tells Sarah so. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 349364. . At present, there are three paramedics and two physicians on duty during each shift. c. unableness d. prejudice. Because Black students are aware of the (inaccurate) stereotype that Blacks are intellectually inferior to Whites, this stereotype might create a negative expectation, which might interfere with their performance on intellectual tests through fear of confirming that stereotype. Which of the following statements regarding project management is true? The speed of these responses is used to determine an individuals stereotypes or prejudice. a. d. Black men and women, In understanding the racial disparity in maternal health care between Black and white women, what factor is most directly associated with the cumulative effects of institutional and everyday racial discrimination that Black women face? but that reflect a more negative connotation for the female term. c. Segregation C. The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them.D. a. Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on cultural differences between people. At this point, we would probably not consider them to be acting as group members, but rather as two individuals. the majority of the confederates gave a wrong answer (for instance line 2 when the correct answer was line 3) . d. Asian Americans, Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. The following statements concerning the thalamus are correct EXCEPT: A. "The typical job applicant worries about his chances of getting the job." d. discrimination, Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality? c. Southern Europe. In these procedures, participants are asked to make a series of judgments about pictures or descriptions of social groups and then to answer questions as quickly as they can, but without making mistakes. B. a. whites White women Question: 3 points Save Answer Question 14 Which of the following statements regarding retirement trends is correct The savings rate in the United States has consistently been decreasing over the last 30 years. b. Martin Luther King Jr. Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. the natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. performance on cognitive tasks than does _____ sexism. a. Assimilation d. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism. Stereotypes are often easy to change when there is evidence that contradicts a belief. Once we do so, we begin to respond to those people more as members of a social group than as individuals. Race in the making: Cognition, culture and the childs construction of human kinds. It is the largest part of the diencephalon and serves as a relay station to all the main sensory tracts (except the olfactory pathways). A. Political Premier League . When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the source of an action as something ________. Once the participants are convinced that the researcher is able to assess their true attitudes, it is expected that they will be more honest in answering the rest of the questions they are asked because they want to be sure that the researcher does not catch them lying. If Franklin treats an individual differently than he normally would because of characteristics the individual shares with a certain group, then Franklin is __________. This problem has been solved! Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men? Perform the indicated operation. 20 (2011). a. receiving unwanted sexual advances b. nationalism. d. discrimination. On January 1, 2014, Everett Corporation had these stockholders equity accounts. c. Hispanics c. William Julius Wilson Men find it easier to excel in leadership positions, whereas women have to work hard to overcome the false beliefs about their lack of leadership abilities (Phelan & Rudman, 2010). After they had viewed all the statements made by the individuals in the discussion group, the research participants were given a memory test (this was entirely unexpected for the participants who had not been given memory instructions). Hirschfeld, L. (1996). Question 1 Which 3 statements regarding subaccounts are true? c. now have about equal numbers of male and female characters in basic readers and math c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. media coverage than women competing in more masculine team sports such as basketball or a. children's readers and picture books. Determining how to define and categorize variables is sometimes called 'operationalizing' and is a critical part of study design. ), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(3), 331343. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 2924. c. Mrs. Jane Collins-Sullivan As you can see in Table 12.1 Name Confusions, the mistakes were such that the statements that had actually been made by a man were more frequently wrongly attributed to another man in the group than to another woman, and the statements actually made by a woman were more frequently attributed to other women in the group than to a man. British Journal of Psychology, 54, 101114. b. impersonal market forces c. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders a. c. less communal than traditionally titled women. When we see members of social groups perform behaviors, we tend to better remember information that confirms our stereotypes than we remember information that disconfirms our stereotypes (Fyock & Stangor, 1994). Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., & Steele, C. M. (1999). c. social role theory. San Diego, CA: Elsevier. Its just easier, because the stereotypes are matched or associated with the pictures in a way that makes sense. A. acting with prejudice Because they are so highly cognitively accessible, and because they seem so right, our stereotypes easily influence our judgments of and responses to those we have categorized. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 207218. Given are five observations for two variables, x and y. xi12345yi3751114\begin{array}{r|rrrrr} b. Melting pot c. as active, mature adults New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. f(x)=x28x+20. a. her "macho" style Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. The figure shows links between the social category of college professors and its stereotypes as a type of neural network or schema. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest because two groups focused on fulfilling their own best interest without acknowledging the actions of the other group involved often leads to neither group benefiting. b. having few billable hours This example illustrates that, A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as. Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English, putting them at an educational disadvantage. C. categorization The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. c. The New York Times now publishes announcements of same-sex weddings and commitment 1 affective Try the IAT yourself, here: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit. In recent years gay and lesbian characters increasingly have been featured in mainstream TV, a. one-half of the girls heard discouraging, sexist comments about their science, math or athletic Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). Orlando, FL: Academic Press. C. holding a stereotype Only physicians can perform exit evaluations and conduct psychological interviews. McIntyre, R. B., Paulson, R. M., & Lord, C. G. (2003). c. modern sexism and hostile sexism. Race and ethnicity shape internal and external perceptions of a group. More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from Research evidence indicates that people view women and men who are employed as more agentic 2 See answers Advertisement which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? a. ageism a. interpersonal racism. On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. by pressing either the Yes button or the No button using either their left hand or their right hand. Outgroup homogeneity occurs in part because we dont have as much contact with outgroup members as we do with ingroup members, and the quality of interaction with outgroup members is often more superficial. Selected Answer: Social categorization A. For instance, when a math task is described as diagnostic of intelligence, Latinos and particularly Latinas perform more poorly than do Whites (Gonzales, Blanton, & Williams, 2002). a. stereotyping. Price Waterhouse criticized her for all except: a. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. b) the influences of the social world in which we exist. b. Latinas A superordinate goal is one that is common to two or more groups and requires the cooperation of each group to accomplish. Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. I think you would agree that you are more likely to categorize yourself as a member of your college or university when your basketball or football team has just won a really important game, or at your commencement day ceremony, than you would on a normal evening out with your family. A common strategy for gaining compliance used by car salespeople is the door-in-the-face technique. b. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 371383. Research suggests that we are more easily influenced by an attractive speaker than by an unattractive speaker. Although either individual could afford to purchase a generator individually, they agree to split the cost of a generator because they love fish more than they dislike each other. Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is CORRECT? a. immigration. a. immigrants. 2 cognitive Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Although he couldn't seem to beat his prior record while practicing, he surpassed it easily during the final meet as his friends cheered him on.
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